Abstract
Manganese toxicity is a serious constraint to many crops grown on acid soils in Hawaii. To develop management strategies to deal with the Mn problem, four experiments were conducted. First, to study soil pH effect, a pH gradient from 4.7 (unamended) to 6.0 was established in a high‐Mn Oxisol (Wahiawa series), using combinations of Ca(OH) 2 (lime) and CaSO 4 · 2H 2 O (gypsum); soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Kahala] was grown as a test crop. Second, effects of Ca, and particularly SO 4 , on ameliorating Mn toxicity to soybean were subsequently evaluated. Third, soil Mn solubility by organic molecules was studied in the laboratory as a function of chemical structure, pH, and equilibration time. Fourth, soybean responses to green manure and biosolids applied at 5 and 10 g kg −1 to the Wahiawa soil were compared with those of the unamended control and CaCO 3 treatments. Manganese concentration in the saturated paste extract of the first experiment increased 100‐fold for each pH unit decrease. A combination of gypsum and lime was more effective in correcting Mn toxicity than either amendment alone. Soybean growth was better correlated with leaf Ca/Mn ratio than with leaf Mn concentration. Increased SO 4 concentration alleviated Mn toxicity. Organic molecules or ions containing OH‐OH in the ortho position or SH groups, such as catechol, tannic acid, and cysteine, were more effective in dissolving soil Mn than molecules or ions not containing these functional groups. Application of green manure and biosolids generally increased Mn toxicity.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Saturated paste manganese concentration increased 100-fold per unit decrease in soil pH.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Outcome
- Manganese concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 100‐folde0
- Qualifier
- for each pH unit decreasee0
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Manganese concentration in the saturated paste extract of the first experiment increased 100‐fold for each pH unit decrease.”
e1“soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Kahala] was grown as a test crop.”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum plus lime corrected manganese toxicity more effectively than either amendment alone.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- combination of gypsum and limee0
- Outcome
- Mn toxicitye0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- either amendment alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A combination of gypsum and lime was more effective in correcting Mn toxicity than either amendment alone.”
e1“soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Kahala] was grown as a test crop.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean growth correlated more closely with leaf Ca/Mn ratio than with leaf manganese concentration.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Compound
- leaf Ca/Mn ratioe0
- Outcome
- Soybean growthe0
- Direction
- better correlatede0
- Comparator
- leaf Mn concentratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean growth was better correlated with leaf Ca/Mn ratio than with leaf Mn concentration.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher sulfate concentration alleviated manganese toxicity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Increased SO 4 concentratione0
- Outcome
- Mn toxicitye0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased SO 4 concentration alleviated Mn toxicity.”
e1“soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Kahala] was grown as a test crop.”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic molecules with ortho OH-OH or SH groups dissolved soil manganese more effectively than molecules lacking those groups.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- dissolving soil Mne0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- molecules or ions not containing these functional groupse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic molecules or ions containing OH‐OH in the ortho position or SH groups, such as catechol, tannic acid, and cysteine, were more effective in dissolving soil Mn than molecules or ions not containing these functional groups.”
e1“soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Kahala] was grown as a test crop.”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure and biosolids generally increased manganese toxicity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- green manure and biosolidse0
- Outcome
- Mn toxicitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of green manure and biosolids generally increased Mn toxicity.”
e1“soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Kahala] was grown as a test crop.”
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See all 36 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.