Abstract
1. The plant–herbivore arms race has been postulated to be a major driver for generating biological and biochemical diversity on Earth. Herbivore feeding is reduced by the production of chemical and physical barriers, but increases plant resistance against subsequent attack. Accordingly, specialisation is predicted to be an outcome of herbivores being able to circumvent plant‐induced defences. 2. Using a specialised plant–herbivore system, in which adult chrysomelid beetles ( Chrysochus auratus ) feed on leaves and larvae feed on roots of dogbane ( Apocynum spp.), this study investigated whether root latex and cardenolides are effective against the soil‐dwelling larvae, and whether such defences could be circumvented by the herbivore. 3. Across two Apocynum species, C. auratus larvae were not affected by latex production or cardenolide amounts and diversity. By contrast, cardenolide apolarity was detrimental to larval growth. Yet larval feeding decreased average root cardenolide apolarity in A. cannabinum and larvae performed better on those plants. Finally, above‐ground induction rendered the plants more toxic by increasing root cardenolide apolarity and maintaining it, even during subsequent larval herbivory. 4. Therefore, the intimate relationship and interaction between Chrysochus and Apocynum are maintained by a delicate balance of herbivore manipulation and plant chemical induction.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Chrysochus larvae were not affected by latex production or cardenolide amounts and diversity in Apocynum.
- Treatment
- latex productione1
- Interactor
- C. auratus
%2C_La_Verendrye_Wildlife_Reserve.jpg?width=60)
Chrysochus auratuse1herbivore - Outcome
- larvaee1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
ApocynumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
%2C_La_Verendrye_Wildlife_Reserve.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Across two Apocynum species, C. auratus larvae were not affected by latex production or cardenolide amounts and diversity”
Claim · model-written summary
Cardenolide apolarity was detrimental to Chrysochus larval growth.
- Interactor
- C. auratusChrysochus auratuse1herbivore
- Compound
- cardenolide apolaritye2
- Outcome
- larval growthe2
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Across two Apocynum species, C. auratus larvae”
e2“By contrast, cardenolide apolarity was detrimental to larval growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Chrysochus larval feeding decreased average root cardenolide apolarity in A. cannabinum.
- Taxon
- A. cannabinum
Apocynum cannabinume3 - Organ / stage
- roote3
- Treatment
- larval feedinge3
- Interactor
- C. auratusChrysochus auratuse1herbivore
- Outcome
- root cardenolide apolaritye3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Across two Apocynum species, C. auratus larvae”
e3“Yet larval feeding decreased average root cardenolide apolarity in A. cannabinum and larvae performed better on those plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Chrysochus larvae performed better on A. cannabinum plants with decreased root cardenolide apolarity.
- Taxon
- A. cannabinumApocynum cannabinume3
- Interactor
- larvaee3herbivore
- Compound
- cardenolide apolaritye3
- Outcome
- larvae performed bettere3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Yet larval feeding decreased average root cardenolide apolarity in A. cannabinum and larvae performed better on those plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Above-ground induction increased root cardenolide apolarity in Apocynum.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Across two Apocynum species, C. auratus larvae”
e4“induction rendered the plants more toxic by increasing root cardenolide apolarity”
Claim · model-written summary
Above-ground induction rendered Apocynum plants more toxic.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Across two Apocynum species, C. auratus larvae”
e4“induction rendered the plants more toxic by increasing root cardenolide apolarity”
Claim · model-written summary
Induced root cardenolide apolarity was maintained during subsequent larval herbivory.
- Treatment
- subsequent larval herbivorye6
- Interactor
- C. auratusChrysochus auratuse1herbivore
- Outcome
- root cardenolide apolaritye6
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Across two Apocynum species, C. auratus larvae”
e6“increasing root cardenolide apolarity and maintaining it, even during subsequent larval herbivory”