Abstract
Abstract Effects of ambient and elevated CO 2 levels (360 and 650 µmol mol −1 respectively), ambient and high (5 °C above ambient) temperatures and their interactions with N application on soybean ( Glycine max L.) were studied in 2001. Overall, total isoflavones in whole soybean seeds were highest (1383.0 µg g −1 ) in the elevated CO 2 (AE) treatment without N application and lowest (414.1 µg g −1 ) in the elevated temperature (EA) treatment with N application. Malonylgenistin (449.2 µg g −1 ) and malonyldaidzin (435.9 µg g −1 ) concentrations in the AE treatment without N application were highest among the 12 individual isoflavones, while aglycon and acetyl conjugates showed lower concentrations (below 10 µg g −1 ) than glucoside and malonyl conjugates in all treatments. Overall, N application had no effect on total isoflavone concentration, while both temperature and CO 2 level had a higher effect on increasing isoflavones, including aglycon and acetyl conjugates ( P = 0.001). In the biological growth analysis, total dry weight was highest (100.9 g) in the elevated temperature and CO 2 (EE) treatment with N application, while leaf area was more affected by CO 2 than by temperature and increased with N application. There were larger numbers of pods (99) and seeds (176) per plant in the EE treatment with N application, and generally the AE treatment showed a greater increase in 100‐seed weight (g per 100 seeds) and in pods and seeds per plant than other treatments. Overall, total dry weight was highly affected ( P = 0.001) by three main factors, temperature, CO 2 and N application, but the interactions temperature × N and temperature × CO 2 × N did not affect total dry weight. Also, total dry weight tended to increase with increasing numbers of pods ( r 2 = 0.93***) and seeds ( r 2 = 0.93***) and larger leaf area ( r 2 = 0.85***). In addition, numbers of pods and seeds were significantly affected ( P = 0.01–0.001) by temperature, CO 2 and temperature × CO 2 . Generally, elevated CO 2 and temperature did not affect N, P and K concentrations in the seeds but did decrease the concentrations of Ca and Mg, which were increased in the AE treatment. Among the nutrients, Ca and Mg were highly correlated with temperature and CO 2 level. N concentration in the seeds increased with applied N and in particular showed a high increase with elevated temperature and ambient CO 2 (EA treatment). The variation in isoflavones was correlated with temperature ( r 2 = −0.70**) and CO 2 ( r 2 = 0.67**), while N application was not correlated with isoflavone concentration. Also, Ca ( r 2 = −0.85***) and Mg ( r 2 = −0.57*) in the seeds were correlated with variation in isoflavones. This indicated that isoflavones were in higher concentrations under conditions of low temperature and increasing CO 2 , which also resulted in low Ca and Mg concentrations in the seeds. The results of this study suggest that the long‐term adaptation of the soybean to growth at elevated CO 2 level and high temperature might potentially increase its isoflavone content, growth and yield. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Total seed isoflavones were highest at 1383.0 µg g −1 under elevated CO2 without N.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- elevated CO 2 (AE) treatment without N applicatione0
- Outcome
- total isoflavones in whole soybean seedse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1383.0 µg g −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total isoflavones in whole soybean seeds were highest (1383.0 µg g −1 ) in the elevated CO 2 (AE) treatment without N application”
Claim · model-written summary
Total seed isoflavones were lowest at 414.1 µg g −1 under elevated temperature with N.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- elevated temperature (EA) treatment with N applicatione0
- Outcome
- loweste0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 414.1 µg g −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowest (414.1 µg g −1 ) in the elevated temperature (EA) treatment with N application”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Malonylgenistin reached 449.2 µg g −1 under elevated CO2 without N.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AE treatment without N applicatione0
- Outcome
- Malonylgenistine0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 449.2 µg g −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malonylgenistin (449.2 µg g −1 ) and malonyldaidzin (435.9 µg g −1 ) concentrations in the AE treatment without N application were highest”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Malonyldaidzin reached 435.9 µg g −1 under elevated CO2 without N.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AE treatment without N applicatione0
- Outcome
- malonyldaidzine0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 435.9 µg g −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malonylgenistin (449.2 µg g −1 ) and malonyldaidzin (435.9 µg g −1 ) concentrations in the AE treatment without N application were highest”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aglycon and acetyl conjugates remained below 10 µg g −1 and below glucoside and malonyl conjugates.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- aglycon and acetyl conjugatese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- below 10 µg g −1e0
- Comparator
- glucoside and malonyl conjugatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“aglycon and acetyl conjugates showed lower concentrations (below 10 µg g −1 ) than glucoside and malonyl conjugates in all treatments”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N application did not significantly affect total isoflavone concentration.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- N applicatione0
- Outcome
- total isoflavone concentratione0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N application had no effect on total isoflavone concentration”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature and CO2 increased isoflavones, including aglycon and acetyl conjugates.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- temperature and CO 2 levele0
- Outcome
- isoflavones, including aglycon and acetyl conjugatese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both temperature and CO 2 level had a higher effect on increasing isoflavones, including aglycon and acetyl conjugates ( P = 0.001)”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total dry weight was highest at 100.9 g with elevated temperature and CO2 plus N.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- elevated temperature and CO 2 (EE) treatment with N applicatione0
- Outcome
- total dry weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 100.9 ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total dry weight was highest (100.9 g) in the elevated temperature and CO 2 (EE) treatment with N application”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area responded more to CO2 than temperature and increased with N application.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- N applicatione0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- temperaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf area was more affected by CO 2 than by temperature and increased with N application”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pod number reached 99 per plant under elevated temperature and CO2 with N.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- EE treatment with N applicatione0
- Outcome
- podse0
- Direction
- largere0
- Value
- 99e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“larger numbers of pods (99) and seeds (176) per plant in the EE treatment with N application”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed number reached 176 per plant under elevated temperature and CO2 with N.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- EE treatment with N applicatione0
- Outcome
- seedse0
- Direction
- largere0
- Value
- 176e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“larger numbers of pods (99) and seeds (176) per plant in the EE treatment with N application”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 without N generally increased 100-seed weight and pod and seed numbers more than other treatments.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AE treatmente0
- Outcome
- 100‐seed weight (g per 100 seeds) and in pods and seeds per plante0
- Direction
- greater increasee0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the AE treatment showed a greater increase in 100‐seed weight (g per 100 seeds) and in pods and seeds per plant than other treatments”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature, CO2 and N application significantly affected dry weight, while specified interactions did not.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- temperature, CO 2 and N applicatione0
- Outcome
- total dry weighte0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total dry weight was highly affected ( P = 0.001) by three main factors, temperature, CO 2 and N application, but the interactions temperature × N and temperature × CO 2 × N did not affect total dry weight”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry weight increased with numbers of pods and seeds and larger leaf area.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- podse0
- Outcome
- total dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total dry weight tended to increase with increasing numbers of pods ( r 2 = 0.93***) and seeds ( r 2 = 0.93***) and larger leaf area ( r 2 = 0.85***)”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature, CO2 and their interaction significantly affected pod and seed numbers.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- temperature, CO 2 and temperature × CO 2e0
- Outcome
- numbers of pods and seedse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“numbers of pods and seeds were significantly affected ( P = 0.01–0.001) by temperature, CO 2 and temperature × CO 2”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 and temperature did not affect seed N, P and K concentrations.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- elevated CO 2 and temperaturee0
- Outcome
- N, P and K concentrations in the seedse0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated CO 2 and temperature did not affect N, P and K concentrations in the seeds”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 and temperature reduced seed Ca and Mg concentrations, which rose in the AE treatment.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AE treatmente0
- Outcome
- concentrations of Ca and Mge0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“did decrease the concentrations of Ca and Mg, which were increased in the AE treatment”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied N raised seed N concentration, particularly with elevated temperature and ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- applied Ne0
- Outcome
- N concentration in the seedse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- elevated temperature and ambient CO 2 (EA treatment)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N concentration in the seeds increased with applied N and in particular showed a high increase with elevated temperature and ambient CO 2 (EA treatment)”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Isoflavone variation correlated negatively with temperature and positively with CO2, but not with N application.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- temperaturee0
- Outcome
- variation in isoflavonese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“variation in isoflavones was correlated with temperature ( r 2 = −0.70**) and CO 2 ( r 2 = 0.67**), while N application was not correlated with isoflavone concentration”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed Ca and Mg were correlated with isoflavone variation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Compound
- Cae0
- Outcome
- variation in isoflavonese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca ( r 2 = −0.85***) and Mg ( r 2 = −0.57*) in the seeds were correlated with variation in isoflavones”
t0“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
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