Abstract
In 1986 and 1987 wheat was sown in an experiment at the Mallee Research Station, Walpeup, at 2 times of sowing and with 3 rates of applied nitrogen. Soil cores were taken and trenches excavated to 1.5 m to measure wheat root growth and depth of rooting. Wheat roots penetrated to a maximum depth of 104 cm in crops sown in May, the optimum time of sowing for maximum yield, while delayed sowing reduced total root biomass and limited rooting depth to 73-83 cm. The application of nitrogen fertiliser did not affect either the rooting depth or growth and yield. Significant changes in total soil water content between sowing and harvest only occurred in 1987 with the early and late sown crops reducing the total soil water content by 47 and 99 mm respectively. In 1986, above average rainfall during the growing season caused the early sown crop to accumulate more water below 50 cm than the late sown crop. While total water use was increased only in 1986 with early sowing, crop water use efficiency and yield was greater in both years. The addition of nitrogen had no effect on crop water use or water use efficiency. A survey of wheat crops carried out in 1988 on 10 Mallee farms also found that shallow rooting is widespead. The field experiment and survey data show that, irrespective of sowing time, roots did not penetrate as far down the profile as might be expected, given reported rooting depths commonly in excess of 200 cm on similarly textured soils. This was shown to be associated with high soil pH and salt content. Poor rooting depth of wheat in this environment will restrict the use of stored water and accordingly, calls the practice of fallowing into question.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat roots penetrated to a maximum depth of 104 cm in crops sown in May.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- crops sown in Maye0
- Outcome
- maximum depthe0
- Value
- 104 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat roots penetrated to a maximum depth of 104 cm in crops sown in May, the optimum time of sowing for maximum yield, while delayed sowing reduced total root biomass and limited rooting depth to 73-83 cm”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing reduced total wheat root biomass compared with crops sown in May.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- delayed sowinge0
- Outcome
- total root biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- crops sown in Maye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat roots penetrated to a maximum depth of 104 cm in crops sown in May, the optimum time of sowing for maximum yield, while delayed sowing reduced total root biomass and limited rooting depth to 73-83 cm”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing limited wheat rooting depth to 73-83 cm compared with crops sown in May.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- delayed sowinge0
- Outcome
- rooting depthe0
- Direction
- limitede0
- Value
- 73-83 cme0
- Comparator
- crops sown in Maye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat roots penetrated to a maximum depth of 104 cm in crops sown in May, the optimum time of sowing for maximum yield, while delayed sowing reduced total root biomass and limited rooting depth to 73-83 cm”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertiliser application did not affect wheat rooting depth.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- application of nitrogen fertilisere1
- Outcome
- rooting depthe1
- Direction
- did not affecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat roots penetrated to a maximum depth of 104 cm in crops sown in May, the optimum time of sowing for maximum yield, while delayed sowing reduced total root biomass and limited rooting depth to 73-83 cm”
e1“The application of nitrogen fertiliser did not affect either the rooting depth or growth and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertiliser application did not affect wheat growth and yield.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- application of nitrogen fertilisere1
- Outcome
- growth and yielde1
- Direction
- did not affecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat roots penetrated to a maximum depth of 104 cm in crops sown in May, the optimum time of sowing for maximum yield, while delayed sowing reduced total root biomass and limited rooting depth to 73-83 cm”
e1“The application of nitrogen fertiliser did not affect either the rooting depth or growth and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Early and late sowing reduced total soil water content by 47 and 99 mm, respectively, and this occurred only in 1987.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- early and late sown cropse2
- Outcome
- total soil water contente2
- Direction
- reducinge2
- Value
- 47 and 99 mme2
- Qualifier
- only occurred in 1987e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat roots penetrated to a maximum depth of 104 cm in crops sown in May, the optimum time of sowing for maximum yield, while delayed sowing reduced total root biomass and limited rooting depth to 73-83 cm”
e2“Significant changes in total soil water content between sowing and harvest only occurred in 1987 with the early and late sown crops reducing the total soil water content by 47 and 99 mm respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1986 the early-sown crop accumulated more water below 50 cm than the late-sown crop.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- early sown crope3
- Outcome
- water below 50 cme3
- Direction
- accumulate moree3
- Qualifier
- In 1986e3
- Comparator
- late sown crope3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat roots penetrated to a maximum depth of 104 cm in crops sown in May, the optimum time of sowing for maximum yield, while delayed sowing reduced total root biomass and limited rooting depth to 73-83 cm”
e3“In 1986, above average rainfall during the growing season caused the early sown crop to accumulate more water below 50 cm than the late sown crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Early sowing increased total water use, but only in 1986.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- early sowinge4
- Outcome
- total water usee4
- Direction
- was increasede4
- Qualifier
- only in 1986e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat roots penetrated to a maximum depth of 104 cm in crops sown in May, the optimum time of sowing for maximum yield, while delayed sowing reduced total root biomass and limited rooting depth to 73-83 cm”
e4“While total water use was increased only in 1986 with early sowing, crop water use efficiency and yield was greater in both years”
Claim · model-written summary
Early sowing increased crop water use efficiency and yield in both years.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- early sowinge4
- Outcome
- crop water use efficiency and yielde4
- Direction
- was greatere4
- Qualifier
- in both yearse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat roots penetrated to a maximum depth of 104 cm in crops sown in May, the optimum time of sowing for maximum yield, while delayed sowing reduced total root biomass and limited rooting depth to 73-83 cm”
e4“While total water use was increased only in 1986 with early sowing, crop water use efficiency and yield was greater in both years”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen addition had no effect on crop water use or water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- addition of nitrogene5
- Outcome
- crop water use or water use efficiencye5
- Direction
- had no effecte5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat roots penetrated to a maximum depth of 104 cm in crops sown in May, the optimum time of sowing for maximum yield, while delayed sowing reduced total root biomass and limited rooting depth to 73-83 cm”
e5“The addition of nitrogen had no effect on crop water use or water use efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
A 1988 survey of wheat crops on 10 Mallee farms found shallow rooting to be widespread.
- Taxon
- wheat cropsTriticum aestivume6
- Outcome
- shallow rootinge6
- Setting
- Mallee farmse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“A survey of wheat crops carried out in 1988 on 10 Mallee farms also found that shallow rooting is widespead”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots did not penetrate as far down the profile as expected from reported rooting depths commonly in excess of 200 cm on similarly textured soils, irrespective of sowing time.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- rooting depthe7
- Qualifier
- commonly in excess of 200 cm on similarly textured soilse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat roots penetrated to a maximum depth of 104 cm in crops sown in May, the optimum time of sowing for maximum yield, while delayed sowing reduced total root biomass and limited rooting depth to 73-83 cm”
e7“The field experiment and survey data show that, irrespective of sowing time, roots did not penetrate as far down the profile as might be expected, given reported rooting depths commonly in excess of 200 cm on similarly textured soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Shallow wheat rooting was associated with high soil pH and salt content.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- high soil pH and salt contente1
- Outcome
- rooting depthe0
- Direction
- associatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat roots penetrated to a maximum depth of 104 cm in crops sown in May, the optimum time of sowing for maximum yield, while delayed sowing reduced total root biomass and limited rooting depth to 73-83 cm”
e1“This was shown to be associated with high soil pH and salt content”
Claim · model-written summary
Poor rooting depth of wheat is suggested to restrict the use of stored water.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- use of stored watere0
- Qualifier
- Poor rooting depthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Poor rooting depth of wheat in this environment will restrict the use of stored water and accordingly, calls the practice of fallowing into question”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors call the practice of fallowing into question for wheat in this environment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- practice of fallowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Poor rooting depth of wheat in this environment will restrict the use of stored water and accordingly, calls the practice of fallowing into question”
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