Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous organic pollutants that are toxic to human and nonhuman organisms. Dietary intake of PAHs is a dominant route of exposure for the general population because food crops are a major source of dietary PAHs. The mechanism for crop root uptake of PAHs remains unclear. Here we reveal that wheat root uptake of PAHs involves active and passive processes. The passive uptake is mercury and glycerol dependent. Mercury and glycerol inhibit uptake, indicating that aquaglyceroporins sensitive to mercury contribute to passive uptake. Active uptake is mediated by a phenanthrene/H symporter. The electrical response of wheat roots triggered by phenanthrene consists of two sequential phases: depolarization followed by repolarization. The depolarization is phenanthrene concentration dependent, with saturation kinetics that have an apparent of K(m) 10.8 μmol L(-1). As uptake proceeds, external solution pH increase is noticed. Lower pH favors the uptake. Vanadate and 2,4-dinitrophenol suppress the electrical response to phenanthrene and phenanthrene uptake, suggesting that plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase is involved in the establishment of an electrochemical proton gradient acting as a driving force for active uptake. Therefore, it is suggested that aquaglyceroporin and phenanthrene/H symporter are implicated in phenanthrene uptake. Our results provide insight into PAH uptake mechanism in wheat roots that is relevant to strategies for reducing PAH accumulation in wheat for food safety, improving phytoremediation of PAH-contaminated soils or water by agronomic practices and genetic modification to target remedial plants for higher PAH uptake capacity.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat root PAH uptake includes active and passive processes.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Organ / stage
- roote0
- Outcome
- uptake of PAHse0
- Qualifier
- active and passive processese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Here we reveal that wheat root uptake of PAHs involves active and passive processes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mercury inhibits passive uptake.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Mercurye0
- Gene
- aquaglyceroporinse0
- Outcome
- uptakee0
- Direction
- inhibite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mercury and glycerol inhibit uptake, indicating that aquaglyceroporins sensitive to mercury contribute to passive uptake.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycerol inhibits passive uptake.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- glycerole0
- Outcome
- uptakee0
- Direction
- inhibite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mercury and glycerol inhibit uptake, indicating that aquaglyceroporins sensitive to mercury contribute to passive uptake.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Mercury sensitive aquaglyceroporins contribute to passive uptake.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- aquaglyceroporinse0
- Outcome
- passive uptakee0
- Qualifier
- sensitive to mercurye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“aquaglyceroporins sensitive to mercury contribute to passive uptake.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
A phenanthrene/H symporter mediates active uptake.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- phenanthrene/H symportere0
- Outcome
- Active uptakee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Active uptake is mediated by a phenanthrene/H symporter.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenanthrene triggers root depolarization followed by repolarization.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- phenanthrenee0
- Outcome
- depolarization followed by repolarizatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The electrical response of wheat roots triggered by phenanthrene consists of two sequential phases: depolarization followed by repolarization.”
Claim · model-written summary
Depolarization depends on phenanthrene concentration with saturation kinetics.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- phenanthrenee0
- Outcome
- depolarizatione0
- Value
- 10.8 μmol L(-1)e0
- Qualifier
- saturation kineticse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The depolarization is phenanthrene concentration dependent, with saturation kinetics that have an apparent of K(m) 10.8 μmol L(-1).”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The external solution pH increased during uptake.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- external solution pHe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As uptake proceeds, external solution pH increase is noticed.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower pH favored phenanthrene uptake.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Lower pHe0
- Outcome
- uptakee0
- Direction
- favorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower pH favors the uptake.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanadate suppressed the electrical response to phenanthrene.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Vanadatee0
- Outcome
- electrical response to phenanthrenee0
- Direction
- suppresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vanadate and 2,4-dinitrophenol suppress the electrical response to phenanthrene and phenanthrene uptake”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanadate suppressed phenanthrene uptake.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Vanadatee0
- Outcome
- phenanthrene uptakee0
- Direction
- suppresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vanadate and 2,4-dinitrophenol suppress the electrical response to phenanthrene and phenanthrene uptake”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-dinitrophenol suppressed the electrical response to phenanthrene.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-dinitrophenole0
- Outcome
- electrical response to phenanthrenee0
- Direction
- suppresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vanadate and 2,4-dinitrophenol suppress the electrical response to phenanthrene and phenanthrene uptake”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-dinitrophenol suppressed phenanthrene uptake.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-dinitrophenole0
- Outcome
- phenanthrene uptakee0
- Direction
- suppresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vanadate and 2,4-dinitrophenol suppress the electrical response to phenanthrene and phenanthrene uptake”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase is implicated in generating the proton gradient for active uptake.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- plasma membrane H(+)-ATPasee0
- Outcome
- active uptakee0
- Qualifier
- electrochemical proton gradiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase is involved in the establishment of an electrochemical proton gradient acting as a driving force for active uptake.”
t0“Wheat”
The same questions in other papers
glycerol · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
mercury atom · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.