Abstract
Abstract: Leaves from annual young grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu) were used as experimental materials. The ultrastructural characteristics of mesophyll cells in chilling-treated plants after heat acclimation (HA) and in heat-treated plants after cold acclimation (CA) were observed and compared using transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that slight injury appeared in the ultrastructure of mesophyll cells after either HA (38 °C for 10 h) or CA (8 °C for 2.5 d), but the tolerance to subsequent extreme temperature stress was remarkably improved by HA or CA pretreatment. The increases in membrane permeability and malondialdehyde concentration under chilling (0 °C) or heat (45 °C) stress were markedly inhibited by HA or CA pretreatment. The mesophyll cells of plants not pretreated with HA were markedly damaged following chilling stress. The chloroplasts appeared irregular in shape, the arrangement of the stroma lamellae was disordered, and no starch granules were present. The cristae of the mitochondria were disrupted and became empty. The nucleus became irregular in shape and the nuclear membrane was digested. In contrast, the mesophyll cells of HA-pretreated plants maintained an intact ultrastructure under chilling stress. The mesophyll cells of control plants were also severely damaged under heat stress. The chloroplast became round in shape, the stroma lamellae became swollen, and the contents of vacuoles formed clumps. In the case of mitochondria of control plants subjected to heat stress, the outer envelope was digested and the cristae were disrupted and became many small vesicles. Compared with cellular organelles in control plants, those in CA plant cells always maintained an integrated state during whole heat stress, except for the chloroplasts, which became round in shape after 10 h heat stress. From these data, we suggest that the stability of mesophyll cells under chilling stress can be increased by HA pretreatment. Similarly, CA pretreatment can protect chloroplasts, mitochondria, and the nucleus against subsequent heat stress; thus, the thermoresistance of grape seedlings was improved. The results obtained in the present study are the first, to our knowledge, to offered cytological evidence of cross-adaptation to temperature stresses in grape plants. (Managing editor: Wei WANG)
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Heat acclimation caused slight mesophyll ultrastructure injury.
- Taxon
- grape plantse0
- Treatment
- HA (38 °C for 10 h)e1
- Outcome
- slight injury appeared in the ultrastructure of mesophyll cellse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu)”
e1“slight injury appeared in the ultrastructure of mesophyll cells after either HA (38 °C for 10 h) or CA (8 °C for 2.5 d)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold acclimation caused slight mesophyll ultrastructure injury.
- Taxon
- grape plantse0
- Treatment
- CA (8 °C for 2.5 d)e1
- Outcome
- slight injury appeared in the ultrastructure of mesophyll cellse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu)”
e1“slight injury appeared in the ultrastructure of mesophyll cells after either HA (38 °C for 10 h) or CA (8 °C for 2.5 d)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat acclimation improved tolerance to later extreme temperature stress.
- Taxon
- grape plantse0
- Treatment
- HAe1
- Outcome
- tolerance to subsequent extreme temperature stresse1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu)”
e1“the tolerance to subsequent extreme temperature stress was remarkably improved by HA or CA pretreatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold acclimation improved tolerance to later extreme temperature stress.
- Taxon
- grape plantse0
- Treatment
- CAe1
- Outcome
- tolerance to subsequent extreme temperature stresse1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu)”
e1“the tolerance to subsequent extreme temperature stress was remarkably improved by HA or CA pretreatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretreatment inhibited increased membrane permeability during temperature stress.
- Taxon
- grape plantse0
- Treatment
- HA or CA pretreatmente1
- Outcome
- membrane permeabilitye1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu)”
e1“The increases in membrane permeability and malondialdehyde concentration under chilling (0 °C) or heat (45 °C) stress were markedly inhibited by HA or CA pretreatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Pretreatment inhibited increased malondialdehyde concentration during temperature stress.
- Taxon
- grape plantse0
- Treatment
- HA or CA pretreatmente1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde concentratione1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu)”
e1“The increases in membrane permeability and malondialdehyde concentration under chilling (0 °C) or heat (45 °C) stress were markedly inhibited by HA or CA pretreatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Without heat acclimation, chilling markedly damaged mesophyll cells.
Verbatim
e0“grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu)”
e1“The mesophyll cells of plants not pretreated with HA were markedly damaged following chilling stress”
Claim · model-written summary
In unacclimated chilled cells, chloroplasts became irregular, stroma lamellae were disordered, and starch granules were absent.
Verbatim
e0“grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu)”
e1“The chloroplasts appeared irregular in shape, the arrangement of the stroma lamellae was disordered, and no starch granules were present”
Claim · model-written summary
In unacclimated chilled cells, mitochondrial cristae were disrupted and empty.
Verbatim
e0“grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu)”
e1“The cristae of the mitochondria were disrupted and became empty”
Claim · model-written summary
In unacclimated chilled cells, nuclei became irregular and nuclear membranes were digested.
Verbatim
e0“grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu)”
e1“The nucleus became irregular in shape and the nuclear membrane was digested”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat acclimated mesophyll cells maintained intact ultrastructure under chilling.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu)”
e1“the mesophyll cells of HA-pretreated plants maintained an intact ultrastructure under chilling stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Control mesophyll cells were severely damaged under heat stress.
Verbatim
e0“grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu)”
e1“The mesophyll cells of control plants were also severely damaged under heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress made control chloroplasts round and stroma lamellae swollen and clumped vacuolar contents.
Verbatim
e0“grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu)”
e1“The chloroplast became round in shape, the stroma lamellae became swollen, and the contents of vacuoles formed clumps”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress digested control mitochondrial envelopes and disrupted cristae into vesicles.
Verbatim
e0“grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu)”
e1“the outer envelope was digested and the cristae were disrupted and became many small vesicles”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold acclimated cells maintained integrated organelles during heat stress.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu)”
e1“Compared with cellular organelles in control plants, those in CA plant cells always maintained an integrated state during whole heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
After 10 hours of heat stress, cold acclimated chloroplasts became round.
Verbatim
e0“grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu)”
e1“chloroplasts, which became round in shape after 10 h heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that heat acclimation raises mesophyll stability under chilling.
Verbatim
e0“grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu)”
e1“the stability of mesophyll cells under chilling stress can be increased by HA pretreatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that cold acclimation protects chloroplasts, mitochondria and nuclei against heat stress.
Verbatim
e0“grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu)”
e1“CA pretreatment can protect chloroplasts, mitochondria, and the nucleus against subsequent heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that cold acclimation improved grape seedling thermoresistance.
Verbatim
e0“grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu)”
e1“the thermoresistance of grape seedlings was improved”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.