Abstract
Over a dozen fungicides are registered in the United States to manage cucurbit downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Efficacy varies greatly among them, due, in part, to reduced sensitivity to some fungicides in some pathogen populations. The objective of this study was to determine whether fungicide efficacy could be assessed using fungicide-treated cucumber (Cucumis sativus) exposed to natural inoculum for a brief period. Potted cucumber plants were treated with water or 1 of 13 fungicides registered to control cucurbit downy mildew. One day later, they were placed in a field among cucumber plants that had symptoms and signs of downy mildew. After a 48-h exposure to P. cubensis, potted plants were moved to a growth chamber held at day and night temperatures of 21 and 18°C, respectively, and 50% relative humidity. Severity (leaf area with symptoms) of downy mildew was rated 5 and 7 days later. The assay was done eight times, twice each in July and October 2013 and 2014. Year, season, trial, and interactions among these factors affected downy mildew development. Severity at 7 days on plants treated with mandipropamid, azoxystrobin, dimethomorph, cymoxanil, fluopicolide, and propamocarb was not significantly different from the water control treatment in eight, five, three, three, two, and two of eight bioassays, respectively. Severity on plants treated with cyazofamid, fluazinam, mancozeb + zoxamide, mancozeb, chlorothalonil, and ametoctradin + dimethomorph was less than on plants treated with water in all bioassays. These six fungicides should be effective when applied early in the season to prevent initial infections. Cyazofamid and mancozeb + zoxamide prevented an increase in severity between rating times. In conclusion, the assay consistently detected resistance to mandipropamid and azoxystrobin and demonstrated the efficacy of six other fungicides.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Year, season, trial and their interactions affected downy mildew development.
- Taxon
- Cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Outcome
- downy mildew developmente0
- Setting
- seasone0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Year, season, trial, and interactions among these factors affected downy mildew development”
t0“Cucumber Plant Bioassay to Assess Fungicide Efficacy Against Pseudoperonospora cubensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Mandipropamid severity was not significantly different from water in eight bioassays.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- mandipropamide0
- Interactor
- Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Pseudoperonospora cubensist0pathogen - Outcome
- Severity at 7 dayse0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Value
- eighte0
- Comparator
- water control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity at 7 days on plants treated with mandipropamid, azoxystrobin, dimethomorph, cymoxanil, fluopicolide, and propamocarb was not significantly different from the water control treatment in eight, five, three, three, two, and two of eight bioassays, respectively”
t0“Cucumber Plant Bioassay to Assess Fungicide Efficacy Against Pseudoperonospora cubensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Azoxystrobin severity matched water in five bioassays.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- azoxystrobine0
- Interactor
- Pseudoperonospora cubensisPseudoperonospora cubensist0pathogen
- Outcome
- Severity at 7 dayse0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Value
- fivee0
- Comparator
- water control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity at 7 days on plants treated with mandipropamid, azoxystrobin, dimethomorph, cymoxanil, fluopicolide, and propamocarb was not significantly different from the water control treatment in eight, five, three, three, two, and two of eight bioassays, respectively”
t0“Cucumber Plant Bioassay to Assess Fungicide Efficacy Against Pseudoperonospora cubensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Dimethomorph severity matched water in three bioassays.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- dimethomorphe0
- Interactor
- Pseudoperonospora cubensisPseudoperonospora cubensist0pathogen
- Outcome
- Severity at 7 dayse0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Value
- threee0
- Comparator
- water control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity at 7 days on plants treated with mandipropamid, azoxystrobin, dimethomorph, cymoxanil, fluopicolide, and propamocarb was not significantly different from the water control treatment in eight, five, three, three, two, and two of eight bioassays, respectively”
t0“Cucumber Plant Bioassay to Assess Fungicide Efficacy Against Pseudoperonospora cubensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Cymoxanil severity matched water in three bioassays.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- cymoxanile0
- Interactor
- Pseudoperonospora cubensisPseudoperonospora cubensist0pathogen
- Outcome
- Severity at 7 dayse0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Value
- threee0
- Comparator
- water control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity at 7 days on plants treated with mandipropamid, azoxystrobin, dimethomorph, cymoxanil, fluopicolide, and propamocarb was not significantly different from the water control treatment in eight, five, three, three, two, and two of eight bioassays, respectively”
t0“Cucumber Plant Bioassay to Assess Fungicide Efficacy Against Pseudoperonospora cubensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluopicolide severity matched water in two bioassays.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- fluopicolidee0
- Interactor
- Pseudoperonospora cubensisPseudoperonospora cubensist0pathogen
- Outcome
- Severity at 7 dayse0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Value
- twoe0
- Comparator
- water control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity at 7 days on plants treated with mandipropamid, azoxystrobin, dimethomorph, cymoxanil, fluopicolide, and propamocarb was not significantly different from the water control treatment in eight, five, three, three, two, and two of eight bioassays, respectively”
t0“Cucumber Plant Bioassay to Assess Fungicide Efficacy Against Pseudoperonospora cubensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Propamocarb severity matched water in two bioassays.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- propamocarbe0
- Interactor
- Pseudoperonospora cubensisPseudoperonospora cubensist0pathogen
- Outcome
- Severity at 7 dayse0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Value
- twoe0
- Comparator
- water control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity at 7 days on plants treated with mandipropamid, azoxystrobin, dimethomorph, cymoxanil, fluopicolide, and propamocarb was not significantly different from the water control treatment in eight, five, three, three, two, and two of eight bioassays, respectively”
t0“Cucumber Plant Bioassay to Assess Fungicide Efficacy Against Pseudoperonospora cubensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyazofamid reduced severity versus water in all bioassays.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- cyazofamide0
- Interactor
- Pseudoperonospora cubensisPseudoperonospora cubensist0pathogen
- Outcome
- Severitye0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Comparator
- watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity on plants treated with cyazofamid, fluazinam, mancozeb + zoxamide, mancozeb, chlorothalonil, and ametoctradin + dimethomorph was less than on plants treated with water in all bioassays”
t0“Cucumber Plant Bioassay to Assess Fungicide Efficacy Against Pseudoperonospora cubensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluazinam reduced severity versus water in all bioassays.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- fluaziname0
- Interactor
- Pseudoperonospora cubensisPseudoperonospora cubensist0pathogen
- Outcome
- Severitye0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Comparator
- watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity on plants treated with cyazofamid, fluazinam, mancozeb + zoxamide, mancozeb, chlorothalonil, and ametoctradin + dimethomorph was less than on plants treated with water in all bioassays”
t0“Cucumber Plant Bioassay to Assess Fungicide Efficacy Against Pseudoperonospora cubensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Mancozeb plus zoxamide reduced severity versus water in all bioassays.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- mancozeb + zoxamidee0
- Interactor
- Pseudoperonospora cubensisPseudoperonospora cubensist0pathogen
- Outcome
- Severitye0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Comparator
- watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity on plants treated with cyazofamid, fluazinam, mancozeb + zoxamide, mancozeb, chlorothalonil, and ametoctradin + dimethomorph was less than on plants treated with water in all bioassays”
t0“Cucumber Plant Bioassay to Assess Fungicide Efficacy Against Pseudoperonospora cubensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Mancozeb reduced severity versus water in all bioassays.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- mancozebe0
- Interactor
- Pseudoperonospora cubensisPseudoperonospora cubensist0pathogen
- Outcome
- Severitye0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Comparator
- watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity on plants treated with cyazofamid, fluazinam, mancozeb + zoxamide, mancozeb, chlorothalonil, and ametoctradin + dimethomorph was less than on plants treated with water in all bioassays”
t0“Cucumber Plant Bioassay to Assess Fungicide Efficacy Against Pseudoperonospora cubensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorothalonil reduced severity versus water in all bioassays.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- chlorothalonile0
- Interactor
- Pseudoperonospora cubensisPseudoperonospora cubensist0pathogen
- Outcome
- Severitye0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Comparator
- watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity on plants treated with cyazofamid, fluazinam, mancozeb + zoxamide, mancozeb, chlorothalonil, and ametoctradin + dimethomorph was less than on plants treated with water in all bioassays”
t0“Cucumber Plant Bioassay to Assess Fungicide Efficacy Against Pseudoperonospora cubensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Ametoctradin plus dimethomorph reduced severity versus water in all bioassays.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- ametoctradin + dimethomorphe0
- Interactor
- Pseudoperonospora cubensisPseudoperonospora cubensist0pathogen
- Outcome
- Severitye0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Comparator
- watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severity on plants treated with cyazofamid, fluazinam, mancozeb + zoxamide, mancozeb, chlorothalonil, and ametoctradin + dimethomorph was less than on plants treated with water in all bioassays”
t0“Cucumber Plant Bioassay to Assess Fungicide Efficacy Against Pseudoperonospora cubensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyazofamid prevented severity increases between ratings.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Cyazofamide0
- Interactor
- Pseudoperonospora cubensisPseudoperonospora cubensist0pathogen
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Direction
- prevented an increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cyazofamid and mancozeb + zoxamide prevented an increase in severity between rating times”
t0“Cucumber Plant Bioassay to Assess Fungicide Efficacy Against Pseudoperonospora cubensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Mancozeb plus zoxamide prevented severity increases between ratings.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- mancozeb + zoxamidee0
- Interactor
- Pseudoperonospora cubensisPseudoperonospora cubensist0pathogen
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Direction
- prevented an increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cyazofamid and mancozeb + zoxamide prevented an increase in severity between rating times”
t0“Cucumber Plant Bioassay to Assess Fungicide Efficacy Against Pseudoperonospora cubensis”
Claim · model-written summary
The bioassay consistently detected resistance to mandipropamid and azoxystrobin.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- resistance to mandipropamid and azoxystrobine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the assay consistently detected resistance to mandipropamid and azoxystrobin”
t0“Cucumber Plant Bioassay to Assess Fungicide Efficacy Against Pseudoperonospora cubensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Early season use of the six consistently efficacious fungicides was recommended.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- applied early in the season to prevent initial infectionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These six fungicides should be effective when applied early in the season to prevent initial infections”
t0“Cucumber Plant Bioassay to Assess Fungicide Efficacy Against Pseudoperonospora cubensis”
The same questions in other papers
chlorothalonil · Pseudoperonospora cubensis · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
ametoctradin · Pseudoperonospora cubensis · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
cyazofamid · Pseudoperonospora cubensis · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
mancozeb · Pseudoperonospora cubensis · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →dimethomorph · Pseudoperonospora cubensis · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.