Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify the productivity and the costs of different harvesting systems (teams), containing harvesters equipped with accumulating harvester heads and forwarders, in first commercial thinnings were an integrated harvest of pulpwood and energy wood were performed. In the beginning the plan was to study and measure 20 sites before and after harvest. Due to storms during the summer of 2010, complete data could only be obtained from 8 of these 20 sites. Seven of these sites were privately owned and one was owned by UPM, all of the sites had been pre-commercially thinned. The mean stem density before harvest was 2578 stems per ha and the mean stem volume was 0.074 m3solid over bark. On average 1518 stems/ha was harvested. The mean tree size was 0.077 m3s of harvested stems, which corresponds to a basal area removal of 11m2/ha or biomass removal of 59 raw tonnes /ha of which 41.2 raw tonnes (raw density) was pulpwood and 17.9 raw tonnes were energy wood. The thinning quality was good, leaving 1064 stems per ha after harvest and a mean stem volume of 0.105 m3 solid over bark and a mean whole tree volume of 0.129 m3 solid over bark. The harvesters’ average mean productivity was 5.1 raw tonnes per hour and on average the harvester harvested 128 stems/h and the forwarders’ average productivity was 7.8 raw tonnes per hour. The average forwarding distance was 294 m. The harvesters’ total time consumption was 363 hours, which gives a mean total time consumption of 14.3 h per ha and 0.23 h per ton. The forwarders total time consumption was 216.5 hours, which gave a mean total time consumption of 8.7 h per ha and 0.15 h per ton. The average costs was 1247 €/ha for the harvesters and 758 €/ha for the forwarders giving an average total costs per ha of 2005 €/ha. Stem density before harvest affected the harvesters’ productivity strongly and the amount of biomass harvested per ha had a clear connection to the harvesting costs (€/tonne).
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Mean stem density before harvest was 2578 stems per ha.
Verbatim
e0“The mean stem density before harvest was 2578 stems per ha”
t0“tree size”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean stem volume before harvest was 0.074 m3solid over bark.
Verbatim
e0“the mean stem volume was 0.074 m3solid over bark”
t0“tree size”
Claim · model-written summary
On average 1518 stems per hectare were harvested.
Verbatim
e0“On average 1518 stems/ha was harvested”
t0“tree size”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean harvested tree size was 0.077 m3s.
Verbatim
e0“The mean tree size was 0.077 m3s of harvested stems”
Claim · model-written summary
Basal area removal was 11m2/ha.
Verbatim
e0“basal area removal of 11m2/ha”
t0“tree size”
Claim · model-written summary
Biomass removal was 59 raw tonnes /ha.
Verbatim
e0“biomass removal of 59 raw tonnes /ha”
t0“tree size”
Claim · model-written summary
Pulpwood removal was 41.2 raw tonnes.
Verbatim
e0“41.2 raw tonnes (raw density) was pulpwood”
t0“tree size”
Claim · model-written summary
Energy wood removal was 17.9 raw tonnes.
Verbatim
e0“17.9 raw tonnes were energy wood”
t0“tree size”
Claim · model-written summary
The thinning left 1064 stems per hectare.
Verbatim
e0“leaving 1064 stems per ha after harvest”
t0“tree size”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual mean stem volume was 0.105 m3 solid over bark.
Verbatim
e0“a mean stem volume of 0.105 m3 solid over bark”
t0“tree size”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual mean whole tree volume was 0.129 m3 solid over bark.
Verbatim
e0“a mean whole tree volume of 0.129 m3 solid over bark”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvesters produced 5.1 raw tonnes per hour on average.
Verbatim
e0“The harvesters’ average mean productivity was 5.1 raw tonnes per hour”
t0“tree size”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvesters cut 128 stems per hour on average.
Verbatim
e0“on average the harvester harvested 128 stems/h”
t0“tree size”
Claim · model-written summary
Forwarders produced 7.8 raw tonnes per hour on average.
Verbatim
e0“the forwarders’ average productivity was 7.8 raw tonnes per hour”
t0“tree size”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean forwarding distance was 294 m.
Verbatim
e0“The average forwarding distance was 294 m”
t0“tree size”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvester total time was 363 hours, 14.3 hours per hectare, and 0.23 hours per ton.
Verbatim
e0“The harvesters’ total time consumption was 363 hours, which gives a mean total time consumption of 14.3 h per ha and 0.23 h per ton”
t0“tree size”
Claim · model-written summary
Forwarder total time was 216.5 hours, 8.7 hours per hectare, and 0.15 hours per ton.
Verbatim
e0“The forwarders total time consumption was 216.5 hours, which gave a mean total time consumption of 8.7 h per ha and 0.15 h per ton”
t0“tree size”
Claim · model-written summary
Average harvester cost was 1247 €/ha.
Verbatim
e0“The average costs was 1247 €/ha for the harvesters”
t0“tree size”
Claim · model-written summary
Average forwarder cost was 758 €/ha and total cost was 2005 €/ha.
Verbatim
e0“758 €/ha for the forwarders giving an average total costs per ha of 2005 €/ha”
t0“tree size”
Claim · model-written summary
Preharvest stem density affected harvester productivity, while biomass harvested was related to cost per tonne.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Stem density before harvest affected the harvesters’ productivity strongly and the amount of biomass harvested per ha had a clear connection to the harvesting costs (€/tonne).”
t0“tree size”