Abstract
Azolla caroliniana Willd. with matured mega- and microsporocarps were harvested from the field, sun dried and sieved to form balls of megasporocarps and massulae. The separated sporocarps were tested for germination in different media in Petri dishes under laboratory/greenhouse conditions. Only the swollen, green megasporocarps germinated. Nutrient medium was superior to a soil solution. The observed percentage germination was better on a solid surface than in a liquid medium. Germination did not occur with dark incubated sporocarps. The addition of phosphorus stimulated sporocarp germination and at a concentration of 30 ppm, an 86% increase in germination was noted against the control. Percentage germination varied widely with pH, and optimum germination was recorded at a neutral pH. The effect of nitrogen sources on sporocarp germination indicated that 70 ppm of nitrate, 7.5 ppm of ammonium, 15 ppm of nitrite and 15 ppm of urea increased germination by 51, 66, 44 and 63%, respectively; further increases in concentration inhibited germination. Treatment with 100 ppm of either kinetin or gibberellic acid, or a mixture of both, enhanced germination by 67, 55 and 84%, respectively.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Only swollen green megasporocarps germinated.
- Taxon
- Azolla caroliniana
Azolla carolinianat0 - Organ / stage
- megasporocarpse0
- Outcome
- swollen, green megasporocarps germinatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only the swollen, green megasporocarps germinated.”
t0“Azolla caroliniana”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient medium was superior to soil solution for germination.
- Taxon
- Azolla carolinianaAzolla carolinianat0
- Treatment
- Nutrient mediume0
- Outcome
- superiore0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- soil solutione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nutrient medium was superior to a soil solution.”
t0“Azolla caroliniana”
Claim · model-written summary
Sporocarp germination was better on a solid surface than in liquid medium.
- Taxon
- Azolla carolinianaAzolla carolinianat0
- Treatment
- solid surfacee0
- Outcome
- percentage germinatione0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- liquid mediume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The observed percentage germination was better on a solid surface than in a liquid medium.”
t0“Azolla caroliniana”
Claim · model-written summary
Dark incubation prevented sporocarp germination.
- Taxon
- Azolla carolinianaAzolla carolinianat0
- Treatment
- dark incubatede0
- Outcome
- Germination did not occure0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination did not occur with dark incubated sporocarps.”
t0“Azolla caroliniana”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus at 30 ppm increased sporocarp germination by 86% against control.
- Taxon
- Azolla carolinianaAzolla carolinianat0
- Treatment
- phosphoruse0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 86%e0
- Qualifier
- 30 ppme0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of phosphorus stimulated sporocarp germination and at a concentration of 30 ppm, an 86% increase in germination was noted against the control.”
t0“Azolla caroliniana”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination varied with pH and was optimal at neutral pH.
- Taxon
- Azolla carolinianaAzolla carolinianat0
- Treatment
- pHe0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- optimume0
- Qualifier
- neutral pHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Percentage germination varied widely with pH, and optimum germination was recorded at a neutral pH.”
t0“Azolla caroliniana”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate at 70 ppm increased germination by 51%.
- Taxon
- Azolla carolinianaAzolla carolinianat0
- Treatment
- 70 ppm of nitratee0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 51e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“70 ppm of nitrate, 7.5 ppm of ammonium, 15 ppm of nitrite and 15 ppm of urea increased germination by 51, 66, 44 and 63%, respectively”
t0“Azolla caroliniana”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium at 7.5 ppm increased germination by 66%.
- Taxon
- Azolla carolinianaAzolla carolinianat0
- Treatment
- 7.5 ppm of ammoniume0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 66e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“70 ppm of nitrate, 7.5 ppm of ammonium, 15 ppm of nitrite and 15 ppm of urea increased germination by 51, 66, 44 and 63%, respectively”
t0“Azolla caroliniana”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrite at 15 ppm increased germination by 44%.
- Taxon
- Azolla carolinianaAzolla carolinianat0
- Treatment
- 15 ppm of nitritee0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 44e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“70 ppm of nitrate, 7.5 ppm of ammonium, 15 ppm of nitrite and 15 ppm of urea increased germination by 51, 66, 44 and 63%, respectively”
t0“Azolla caroliniana”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea at 15 ppm increased germination by 63%.
- Taxon
- Azolla carolinianaAzolla carolinianat0
- Treatment
- 15 ppm of ureae0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 63%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“70 ppm of nitrate, 7.5 ppm of ammonium, 15 ppm of nitrite and 15 ppm of urea increased germination by 51, 66, 44 and 63%, respectively”
t0“Azolla caroliniana”
Claim · model-written summary
Further increases in nitrogen source concentration inhibited germination.
- Taxon
- Azolla carolinianaAzolla carolinianat0
- Treatment
- further increases in concentratione0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“further increases in concentration inhibited germination.”
t0“Azolla caroliniana”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin at 100 ppm enhanced germination by 67%.
- Taxon
- Azolla carolinianaAzolla carolinianat0
- Treatment
- 100 ppm of either kinetine0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 67e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with 100 ppm of either kinetin or gibberellic acid, or a mixture of both, enhanced germination by 67, 55 and 84%, respectively.”
t0“Azolla caroliniana”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid at 100 ppm enhanced germination by 55%.
- Taxon
- Azolla carolinianaAzolla carolinianat0
- Treatment
- gibberellic acide0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 55e0
- Qualifier
- 100 ppme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with 100 ppm of either kinetin or gibberellic acid, or a mixture of both, enhanced germination by 67, 55 and 84%, respectively.”
t0“Azolla caroliniana”
Claim · model-written summary
The kinetin and gibberellic acid mixture enhanced germination by 84%.
- Taxon
- Azolla carolinianaAzolla carolinianat0
- Treatment
- mixture of bothe0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 84%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with 100 ppm of either kinetin or gibberellic acid, or a mixture of both, enhanced germination by 67, 55 and 84%, respectively.”
t0“Azolla caroliniana”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · growth · Azolla caroliniana (mosquito fern)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.