Abstract
Onion (Allium cepa L.) ranks second in importance after potato among the vegetables in India. Optimum irrigation scheduling for onion and its response to irrigation based on the ratio of irrigation water (IW) and cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) at 1.2, 0.9, and 0.6 were studied in a field experiment during 1994-95 and 1995-96. The site had a sandy loam (Typic Fluvaquent) soil, located in the humid tropical climate at the Central Research Farm, Gayeshpur (23° N, 89° E, and 9.75 m above mean sea level) in West Bengal of eastern India. The yield of onion, daily and seasonal actual evapotranspiration (ETa) from water balance equation, crop coefficients (Kc), soil water stress coefficients (Ks), water use efficiency (WUE), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and water application efficiency (Ae) were determined. Maximum profile water depletion and ETa of onion occurred in the wetter moisture regime (1.2 IW:CPE). The average daily ETa varied from <1 mm day-1 in the early growing period to a maximum value of 2.92 mm day-1 at the mid-season under 1.2 IW:CPE. The seasonal ETa of onion with IW:CPE of 1.2 was 254.82 mm and 243.49 mm during 1994-95 and 1995-96, respectively. The bulb yield increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of irrigation. The IW:CPE ratio of 1.2 produced 34 and 79% more yield and 27 and 62% improved WUE than 0.9 and 0.6 IW:CPE, respectively. Irrigation regime of 0.6 1W:CPE indicated lower IWUE and higher Ae. Precise information of KC, which is required for regional scale irrigation planning is lacking in developing countries. The estimated values of Kc for onion at initial, crop development, midseason, and maturity were 0.52, 0.85, 1.04, and 0.87, respectively, which were identical to those suggested by the Food and Agriculture Organization, indicating the need for generating these values at the local and (or) regional level. The Ks values of 0.6 IW:CPE decreased steeply and experienced more stress condition than 0.9 IW:CPE. The observed differences in water stress would be expected to influence yields. Furthermore, second order polynomials were presented to predict the Kc values from days after transplanting and growing degree-day.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Onion profile water depletion and actual evapotranspiration peaked at 1.2 IW:CPE.
- Taxon
- onion
Allium cepae0 - Outcome
- profile water depletion and ETae0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Qualifier
- 1.2 IW:CPEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum profile water depletion and ETa of onion occurred in the wetter moisture regime (1.2 IW:CPE).”
Claim · model-written summary
Early growing period daily actual evapotranspiration was below 1 mm per day.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Organ / stage
- early growing periode0
- Outcome
- average daily ETae0
- Value
- <1 mm day-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average daily ETa varied from <1 mm day-1 in the early growing period to a maximum value of 2.92 mm day-1 at the mid-season under 1.2 IW:CPE.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Mid-season daily actual evapotranspiration peaked at 2.92 mm per day under 1.2 IW:CPE.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Organ / stage
- mid-seasone0
- Outcome
- average daily ETae0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 2.92 mm day-1e0
- Qualifier
- 1.2 IW:CPEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average daily ETa varied from <1 mm day-1 in the early growing period to a maximum value of 2.92 mm day-1 at the mid-season under 1.2 IW:CPE.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Seasonal onion ETa was 254.82 mm in 1994-95 at 1.2 IW:CPE.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Outcome
- seasonal ETae0
- Value
- 254.82 mme0
- Qualifier
- 1994-95e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seasonal ETa of onion with IW:CPE of 1.2 was 254.82 mm and 243.49 mm during 1994-95 and 1995-96, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seasonal onion ETa was 243.49 mm in 1995-96 at 1.2 IW:CPE.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Outcome
- seasonal ETae0
- Value
- 243.49 mme0
- Qualifier
- 1995-96e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seasonal ETa of onion with IW:CPE of 1.2 was 254.82 mm and 243.49 mm during 1994-95 and 1995-96, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bulb yield rose significantly with irrigation level.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Organ / stage
- bulbe0
- Treatment
- increasing levels of irrigatione0
- Outcome
- bulb yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bulb yield increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of irrigation.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1.2 IW:CPE, onion yield was 34 higher than at 0.9 IW:CPE.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- IW:CPE ratio of 1.2e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 34e0
- Comparator
- 0.9e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The IW:CPE ratio of 1.2 produced 34 and 79% more yield and 27 and 62% improved WUE than 0.9 and 0.6 IW:CPE, respectively.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1.2 IW:CPE, onion yield was 79% higher than at 0.6 IW:CPE.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- IW:CPE ratio of 1.2e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 79%e0
- Comparator
- 0.6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The IW:CPE ratio of 1.2 produced 34 and 79% more yield and 27 and 62% improved WUE than 0.9 and 0.6 IW:CPE, respectively.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1.2 IW:CPE, onion WUE was 27 higher than at 0.9 IW:CPE.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- IW:CPE ratio of 1.2e0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 27e0
- Comparator
- 0.9e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The IW:CPE ratio of 1.2 produced 34 and 79% more yield and 27 and 62% improved WUE than 0.9 and 0.6 IW:CPE, respectively.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1.2 IW:CPE, onion WUE was 62% higher than at 0.6 IW:CPE.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- IW:CPE ratio of 1.2e0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 62%e0
- Comparator
- 0.6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The IW:CPE ratio of 1.2 produced 34 and 79% more yield and 27 and 62% improved WUE than 0.9 and 0.6 IW:CPE, respectively.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
The 0.6 irrigation regime had lower irrigation water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- IWUEe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- 0.6 1W:CPEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation regime of 0.6 1W:CPE indicated lower IWUE and higher Ae.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
The 0.6 irrigation regime had higher water application efficiency.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- Aee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- 0.6 1W:CPEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation regime of 0.6 1W:CPE indicated lower IWUE and higher Ae.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Estimated onion crop coefficient at initial was 0.52.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Organ / stage
- initiale0
- Outcome
- Kce0
- Value
- 0.52e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The estimated values of Kc for onion at initial, crop development, midseason, and maturity were 0.52, 0.85, 1.04, and 0.87, respectively, which were identical to those suggested by the Food and Agriculture Organization, indicating the need for generating these values at the local and (or) regional level.”
Claim · model-written summary
Estimated onion crop coefficient at crop development was 0.85.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Organ / stage
- crop developmente0
- Outcome
- Kce0
- Value
- 0.85e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The estimated values of Kc for onion at initial, crop development, midseason, and maturity were 0.52, 0.85, 1.04, and 0.87, respectively, which were identical to those suggested by the Food and Agriculture Organization, indicating the need for generating these values at the local and (or) regional level.”
Claim · model-written summary
Estimated onion crop coefficient at midseason was 1.04.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Organ / stage
- midseasone0
- Outcome
- Kce0
- Value
- 1.04e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The estimated values of Kc for onion at initial, crop development, midseason, and maturity were 0.52, 0.85, 1.04, and 0.87, respectively, which were identical to those suggested by the Food and Agriculture Organization, indicating the need for generating these values at the local and (or) regional level.”
Claim · model-written summary
Estimated onion crop coefficient at maturity was 0.87.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Organ / stage
- maturitye0
- Outcome
- Kce0
- Value
- 0.87e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The estimated values of Kc for onion at initial, crop development, midseason, and maturity were 0.52, 0.85, 1.04, and 0.87, respectively, which were identical to those suggested by the Food and Agriculture Organization, indicating the need for generating these values at the local and (or) regional level.”
Claim · model-written summary
Estimated onion crop coefficients matched FAO suggestions.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Outcome
- values of Kce0
- Direction
- identicale0
- Comparator
- those suggested by the Food and Agriculture Organizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The estimated values of Kc for onion at initial, crop development, midseason, and maturity were 0.52, 0.85, 1.04, and 0.87, respectively, which were identical to those suggested by the Food and Agriculture Organization, indicating the need for generating these values at the local and (or) regional level.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil water stress coefficients declined steeply at 0.6 IW:CPE.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- Ks valuese0
- Direction
- decreased steeplye0
- Qualifier
- 0.6 IW:CPEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Ks values of 0.6 IW:CPE decreased steeply and experienced more stress condition than 0.9 IW:CPE.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
The 0.6 IW:CPE regime caused more water stress than 0.9 IW:CPE.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- 0.6 IW:CPEe0
- Outcome
- stress conditione0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- 0.9 IW:CPEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Ks values of 0.6 IW:CPE decreased steeply and experienced more stress condition than 0.9 IW:CPE.”
t0“onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Second order polynomials were provided to predict Kc from transplanting days and growing degree-day.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- predict the Kc valuese0
- Comparator
- days after transplanting and growing degree-daye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, second order polynomials were presented to predict the Kc values from days after transplanting and growing degree-day.”
t0“onion”
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