Abstract
Summary. In a number of plant species, the biological activity of diquat and paraquat was increased by an increase in environmental humidity. This improved activity resulted from an increase in both uptake and movement. High humidity was more effective after treatment than before it, and durations of 8 hr or more were required to produce the maximum effect. When periods of low humidity of up to 16 hr were interposed between treatment and high humidity, there was no significant effect on the activity of diquat in darkened tomato or sugar beet. The increase in activity occurred both in the dark and in the light, and it is therefore concluded that humidity does not exert its effect by modifying the degree of stomatal opening. Experiments were carried out with wheat using two air humidities combined with different soil moisture contents, ranging from saturated down to only 30% of water‐holding capacity. Greatest movement occurred where high air humidity was combined with low soil moisture, and least where low air humidity was combined with high soil moisture. It is concluded that diquat and paraquat would be most effective in the field when sprayed under dry soil conditions in late afternoon or evening when increased humidity (and darkness) can follow soon after treatment. Les sels quatemaires de bipyridylium Effet de l'humidité atmosphérique et de l'humidité du sol sur l'absorption et la migration du diquat et du paraquat dans les plantes
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Higher environmental humidity increased diquat and paraquat biological activity in plant species.
- Taxon
- plant speciese0
- Treatment
- an increase in environmental humiditye0
- Outcome
- biological activity of diquat and paraquate0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In a number of plant species, the biological activity of diquat and paraquat was increased by an increase in environmental humidity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher humidity increased herbicide uptake and movement.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“This improved activity resulted from an increase in both uptake and movement.”
Claim · model-written summary
High humidity after treatment was more effective than high humidity before treatment.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“High humidity was more effective after treatment than before it”
Claim · model-written summary
At least 8 hr of high humidity was required for the maximum effect.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“durations of 8 hr or more were required to produce the maximum effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Interposing up to 16 hr of low humidity had no significant effect on diquat activity in darkened tomato or sugar beet.
- Taxon
- tomato or sugar beet
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- periods of low humidity of up to 16 hre0
- Outcome
- activity of diquate0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
- Qualifier
- darkenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When periods of low humidity of up to 16 hr were interposed between treatment and high humidity, there was no significant effect on the activity of diquat in darkened tomato or sugar beet.”
Claim · model-written summary
The humidity-associated activity increase occurred in dark and light conditions.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The increase in activity occurred both in the dark and in the light”
Claim · model-written summary
In wheat, herbicide movement was greatest with high air humidity and low soil moisture.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- high air humiditye0
- Outcome
- movemente0
- Direction
- Greateste0
- Qualifier
- low soil moisturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Experiments were carried out with wheat using two air humidities combined with different soil moisture contents, ranging from saturated down to only 30% of water‐holding capacity. Greatest movement occurred where high air humidity was combined with low soil moisture”
Claim · model-written summary
In wheat, herbicide movement was least with low air humidity and high soil moisture.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- low air humiditye0
- Outcome
- movemente0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Qualifier
- high soil moisturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Experiments were carried out with wheat using two air humidities combined with different soil moisture contents, ranging from saturated down to only 30% of water‐holding capacity. Greatest movement occurred where high air humidity was combined with low soil moisture, and least where low air humidity was combined with high soil moisture.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend field spraying of diquat and paraquat on dry soil in late afternoon or evening before humidity and darkness increase.
- Outcome
- sprayed under dry soil conditions in late afternoon or eveninge0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“diquat and paraquat would be most effective in the field when sprayed under dry soil conditions in late afternoon or evening when increased humidity (and darkness) can follow soon after treatment”
The same questions in other papers
humidity · molecular: metabolites · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →humidity · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →climate site · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →humidity · molecular: metabolites · Beta vulgaris (beet)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.