Abstract
High nickel (Ni) soils are becoming increasingly common where soils are exposed to waste products, and can be harmful to agricultural enterprises. In a study of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pusa Ruby) plants exposed to high soil Ni and nematodes, it was found that both interact to affect growth of young plants. Soils amended with Ni at 0, 10, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/L and subsequently inoculated with 2000 juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita/pot resulted in substantial growth reduction of tomato. Nickel amendments at 200 or 400 mg/L caused browning and/or necrosis of foliage. Either Ni or nematodes were able to decrease root and shoot growth, and carotenoid and chlorophyll contents of foliage. Nematode disease severity (i.e., degree of galling) increased when plants received a Ni amendment of 50 or 100 mg/L. Nematode reproduction (egg masses/root system) and size of soil population increased when soils were amended with 50 mg Ni/L. Higher concentrations of Ni amendments (200 and 400 mg/L) decreased number of galls, egg masses, fecundity and the soil population of M. incognita. Nickel contents of roots, stems and foliage were greater in nematode infected plants than uninfected plants grown in soils receiving no Ni amendments. The order of Ni accumulation was: root leaves stem, and leaves root stem in infected and uninfected plants, respectively. A small increase in root Ni concentration (up to 24 µg Ni/g dry root) was associated with increased juvenile penetration and gall formation of nematodes; however, further increases of Ni in roots (due to 200 and 400 mg Ni treatments) suppressed nematode pathogenesis. This interaction between M. incognita and Ni on dry matter of plant organs was found to be concentration dependent, with the interaction being synergistic at 50 mg/L, but at 400 mg Ni the effect was antagonistic with regard to the effect of Ni on nematodes and plant growth.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nickel with nematode inoculation caused substantial growth reduction of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Material
- Pusa Rubye0
- Treatment
- Soils amended with Ni at 0, 10, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/Le1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae1pathogen - Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- reductione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In a study of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pusa Ruby) plants exposed to high soil Ni and nematodes”
e1“Soils amended with Ni at 0, 10, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/L and subsequently inoculated with 2000 juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita/pot resulted in substantial growth reduction of tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel at 200 or 400 mg/L caused browning or necrosis of tomato foliage.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Nickel amendments at 200 or 400 mg/Le4
- Outcome
- browning and/or necrosis of foliagee4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a study of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pusa Ruby) plants exposed to high soil Ni and nematodes”
e4“Nickel amendments at 200 or 400 mg/L caused browning and/or necrosis of foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel decreased root and shoot growth of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Nie2
- Outcome
- root and shoot growthe2
- Direction
- decreasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a study of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pusa Ruby) plants exposed to high soil Ni and nematodes”
e2“Either Ni or nematodes were able to decrease root and shoot growth, and carotenoid and chlorophyll contents of foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel decreased carotenoid and chlorophyll contents of tomato foliage.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Nie2
- Outcome
- carotenoid and chlorophyll contents of foliagee2
- Direction
- decreasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a study of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pusa Ruby) plants exposed to high soil Ni and nematodes”
e2“Either Ni or nematodes were able to decrease root and shoot growth, and carotenoid and chlorophyll contents of foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematodes decreased root and shoot growth of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- nematodese2
- Outcome
- root and shoot growthe2
- Direction
- decreasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a study of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pusa Ruby) plants exposed to high soil Ni and nematodes”
e2“Either Ni or nematodes were able to decrease root and shoot growth, and carotenoid and chlorophyll contents of foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematodes decreased carotenoid and chlorophyll contents of tomato foliage.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- nematodese2
- Outcome
- carotenoid and chlorophyll contents of foliagee2
- Direction
- decreasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a study of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pusa Ruby) plants exposed to high soil Ni and nematodes”
e2“Either Ni or nematodes were able to decrease root and shoot growth, and carotenoid and chlorophyll contents of foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel at 50 or 100 mg/L increased nematode disease severity (galling) on tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Ni amendment of 50 or 100 mg/Le3
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pathogen
- Outcome
- Nematode disease severity (i.e., degree of galling)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a study of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pusa Ruby) plants exposed to high soil Ni and nematodes”
e1“Soils amended with Ni at 0, 10, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/L and subsequently inoculated with 2000 juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita/pot resulted in substantial growth reduction of tomato”
e3“Nematode disease severity (i.e., degree of galling) increased when plants received a Ni amendment of 50 or 100 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nickel at 50 mg/L increased nematode reproduction and soil population of Meloidogyne incognita.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- amended with 50 mg Ni/Le5
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pathogen
- Outcome
- reproduction (egg masses/root system) and size of soil populatione5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a study of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pusa Ruby) plants exposed to high soil Ni and nematodes”
e1“Soils amended with Ni at 0, 10, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/L and subsequently inoculated with 2000 juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita/pot resulted in substantial growth reduction of tomato”
e5“Nematode reproduction (egg masses/root system) and size of soil population increased when soils were amended with 50 mg Ni/L”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel at 200 and 400 mg/L decreased the number of galls, egg masses and fecundity of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Higher concentrations of Ni amendments (200 and 400 mg/L)e6
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae6pathogen
- Outcome
- number of galls, egg masses, fecunditye6
- Direction
- decreasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a study of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pusa Ruby) plants exposed to high soil Ni and nematodes”
e6“Higher concentrations of Ni amendments (200 and 400 mg/L) decreased number of galls, egg masses, fecundity and the soil population of M. incognita”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel at 200 and 400 mg/L decreased the soil population of Meloidogyne incognita.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Higher concentrations of Ni amendments (200 and 400 mg/L)e6
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae6pathogen
- Outcome
- soil population of M. incognitae6
- Direction
- decreasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a study of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pusa Ruby) plants exposed to high soil Ni and nematodes”
e6“Higher concentrations of Ni amendments (200 and 400 mg/L) decreased number of galls, egg masses, fecundity and the soil population of M. incognita”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel contents of roots, stems and foliage were greater in nematode-infected tomato plants than in uninfected plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- nematode infected plantse7
- Outcome
- Nickel contents of roots, stems and foliagee7
- Direction
- greatere7
- Comparator
- uninfected plantse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a study of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pusa Ruby) plants exposed to high soil Ni and nematodes”
e7“Nickel contents of roots, stems and foliage were greater in nematode infected plants than uninfected plants grown in soils receiving no Ni amendments”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel accumulation in tomato followed the order root, leaves, stem in both infected and uninfected plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- order of Ni accumulatione1
- Value
- root leaves steme1
- Qualifier
- infected and uninfected plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a study of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pusa Ruby) plants exposed to high soil Ni and nematodes”
e1“The order of Ni accumulation was: root leaves stem, and leaves root stem in infected and uninfected plants, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
A small increase in root Ni concentration was associated with increased juvenile penetration and gall formation of nematodes on tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- root Ni concentratione2
- Outcome
- juvenile penetration and gall formation of nematodese2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- up to 24 µg Ni/g dry roote2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a study of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pusa Ruby) plants exposed to high soil Ni and nematodes”
e2“A small increase in root Ni concentration (up to 24 µg Ni/g dry root) was associated with increased juvenile penetration and gall formation of nematodes”
Claim · model-written summary
Further increases of Ni in tomato roots suppressed nematode pathogenesis.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- further increases of Ni in roots (due to 200 and 400 mg Ni treatments)e3
- Outcome
- nematode pathogenesise3
- Direction
- suppressede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a study of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pusa Ruby) plants exposed to high soil Ni and nematodes”
e3“further increases of Ni in roots (due to 200 and 400 mg Ni treatments) suppressed nematode pathogenesis”
Claim · model-written summary
The interaction of Meloidogyne incognita and Ni was synergistic for dry matter of tomato organs at 50 mg/L.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Nie4
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae4pathogen
- Outcome
- dry matter of plant organse4
- Direction
- synergistice4
- Qualifier
- at 50 mg/Le4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a study of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pusa Ruby) plants exposed to high soil Ni and nematodes”
e4“This interaction between M. incognita and Ni on dry matter of plant organs was found to be concentration dependent, with the interaction being synergistic at 50 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
The interaction of Meloidogyne incognita and Ni was antagonistic at 400 mg Ni for the effect on nematodes and tomato growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Nie5
- Outcome
- the effect of Ni on nematodes and plant growthe5
- Direction
- antagonistice5
- Qualifier
- at 400 mg Nie5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a study of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pusa Ruby) plants exposed to high soil Ni and nematodes”
e5“but at 400 mg Ni the effect was antagonistic with regard to the effect of Ni on nematodes and plant growth”
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