Abstract
Low temperature during panicle development in rice increases spikelet sterility. This effect is exacerbated by high rates of nitrogen (N) application in the field. Spikelet sterility induced by low temperature and N fertilisation was examined in glasshouse experiments to clarify the mechanisms involved. In two glasshouse experiments, 12-h periods of low (18/13°C) and high (28/23°C) day/night temperatures were imposed over periods of 5–7 days during panicle development, to determine the effects of low temperature and N fertilisation on spikelet sterility. In one experiment, 50% sunlight was imposed together with low temperature to investigate the additive effects of reduced solar radiation and low temperature. The effect of increased tillering due to N fertilisation was examined by a tiller removal treatment in the same experiment. Pollen grain number and spikelet sterility were recorded at heading and harvest, respectively. Although there was no significant effect of low temperature on spikelet sterility in the absence of applied N, low temperature greatly increased spikelet sterility as a result of a reduction in the number of engorged pollen grains per anther in the presence of applied N. Spikelet sterility was strongly correlated with the number of engorged pollen grains per anther. Low temperature during very early (late stage of spikelet differentiation–pollen mother cell stage) and peak (second meiotic division stage–early stage of extine formation) microspore development caused a severe reduction in engorged pollen production mainly as a result of reduced total pollen production. Unlike low temperature, the effect of shading was rather small. The increased tillering due to application of high rates of N, increased both spikelet number per plant and spikelet sterility under low temperature conditions. The removal of tillers as they appeared reduced the number of total spikelets per plant and maintained a large number of engorged pollen grains per anther which, in turn, reduced spikelet sterility. The number of engorged pollen grains per anther determined the numbers of intercepted and germinated pollen grains on the stigma. It is concluded that N increased tillering and spikelet number per plant and this, in turn, reduced the number of engorged pollen grains per anther, leading into increased spikelet sterility under low temperature condition.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Without applied nitrogen, low temperature had no significant effect on spikelet sterility.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- low temperaturee0
- Outcome
- spikelet sterilitye0
- Qualifier
- absence of applied Ne0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no significant effect of low temperature on spikelet sterility in the absence of applied N”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
With applied nitrogen, low temperature greatly increased spikelet sterility.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- low temperaturee0
- Outcome
- spikelet sterilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- presence of applied Ne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low temperature greatly increased spikelet sterility as a result of a reduction in the number of engorged pollen grains per anther in the presence of applied N”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Under applied nitrogen, low temperature reduced the number of engorged pollen grains per anther.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- low temperaturee0
- Outcome
- number of engorged pollen grains per anthere0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- presence of applied Ne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low temperature greatly increased spikelet sterility as a result of a reduction in the number of engorged pollen grains per anther in the presence of applied N”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spikelet sterility was strongly correlated with engorged pollen grains per anther.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- engorged pollen grains per anthere0
- Outcome
- Spikelet sterilitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spikelet sterility was strongly correlated with the number of engorged pollen grains per anther.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature during very early and peak microspore development severely reduced engorged pollen production.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- microspore developmente0
- Treatment
- Low temperaturee0
- Outcome
- engorged pollen productione0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low temperature during very early (late stage of spikelet differentiation–pollen mother cell stage) and peak (second meiotic division stage–early stage of extine formation) microspore development caused a severe reduction in engorged pollen production”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature reduced total pollen production.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Low temperaturee1
- Outcome
- total pollen productione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mainly as a result of reduced total pollen production”
e1“Low temperature during very early”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading had a comparatively small effect.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- shadinge0
- Outcome
- effect of shading was rather smalle0
- Direction
- smalle0
- Comparator
- low temperaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Unlike low temperature, the effect of shading was rather small.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen application increased tillering.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- high rates of Ne0
- Outcome
- tilleringe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increased tillering due to application of high rates of N”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen-induced tillering increased spikelet number per plant under low temperature.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- high rates of Ne0
- Outcome
- spikelet number per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under low temperature conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increased tillering due to application of high rates of N, increased both spikelet number per plant and spikelet sterility under low temperature conditions.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen-induced tillering increased spikelet sterility under low temperature.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- high rates of Ne0
- Outcome
- spikelet sterilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under low temperature conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increased tillering due to application of high rates of N, increased both spikelet number per plant and spikelet sterility under low temperature conditions.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Tiller removal reduced total spikelets per plant.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- removal of tillerse0
- Outcome
- number of total spikelets per plante0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The removal of tillers as they appeared reduced the number of total spikelets per plant”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Tiller removal maintained many engorged pollen grains per anther.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- removal of tillerse0
- Outcome
- engorged pollen grains per anthere0
- Direction
- maintainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The removal of tillers as they appeared reduced the number of total spikelets per plant and maintained a large number of engorged pollen grains per anther”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Tiller removal reduced spikelet sterility.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- removal of tillerse0
- Outcome
- spikelet sterilitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The removal of tillers as they appeared reduced the number of total spikelets per plant and maintained a large number of engorged pollen grains per anther which, in turn, reduced spikelet sterility.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Engorged pollen grain number per anther determined intercepted pollen grain number on the stigma.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- engorged pollen grains per anthere0
- Outcome
- interceptede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of engorged pollen grains per anther determined the numbers of intercepted and germinated pollen grains on the stigma.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Engorged pollen grain number per anther determined germinated pollen grain number on the stigma.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- engorged pollen grains per anthere0
- Outcome
- germinated pollen grains on the stigmae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of engorged pollen grains per anther determined the numbers of intercepted and germinated pollen grains on the stigma.”
t0“rice”
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