Abstract
Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots collected from different locations in New Valley Governorate (Egypt). The isolated fungi were purified and identified as Rhizoctonia solani (5 isolates), Fusarium solani (4 isolates) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (2 isolates). The isolated fungi proved their pathogenicity on cv. ‘Giza 3’. Response of chickpea cvs. ‘Giza 1’, ‘Giza 2’, ‘Giza 3’, ‘Giza 4’, ‘Giza 88’, ‘Giza 195’, ‘Giza 531’ to infection by the tested fungi was significantly varied. ‘Giza 1’ was the most resistant one followed by ‘Giza 531’, while the other tested cvs. were highly susceptible. Seven biocontrol agents, namely Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium, B. cereus, Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. isolated from chickpea rhizosphere, were tested for their antagonistic action against the tested pathogens. B. subtilis isolate BSM1, B. megaterium isolate TVM5, T. viride isolate TVM2 and T. harzianum isolate THM4 were the most antagonistic ones to the tested fungi in vitro, while the other isolates were moderate or weak antagonists. The most antagonistic isolates as well as the commercial biocide Rhizo-N were applied as seed treatment for controlling damping-off, root and/or stem rot diseases caused by the tested fungi under greenhouse conditions. The obtained data showed that all tested antagonistic isolates were able to cause significant reduction of damping-off, root and/or stem rot diseases in chickpea plants. T. viride (isolate TVM2) and B. megaterium (isolate BMM5) proved to be the most effective isolates for controlling the diseases. Under field condition, the obtained data indicated that all the tested antagonistic isolates significantly reduced damping-off, root and/or stem rot. T. viride (isolate TVM2) and B. megaterium (isolate BMM5) recorded the highest reduction of damping-off, root and/or stem rot in all sowing dates. Sowing of treated seeds with bioagents in first of November gave the highest protection against root diseases in chickpea. The reduction in damping-off, root and/or stem rot severity was significantly reflected on the produced seed yield. In this respect, seeds previously treated with T. viride (TVM2) produced the highest seed yield in all sowing dates followed by seed treated with B. megaterium (TVM5). First of November was the best sowing date to reduce these diseases and to increase seed yield/fed. On the other hand, the antagonistic isolates isolated from chickpea rhizosphere, were most active than the commercial biocide Rhizo-N in reducing chickpea root diseases and increase of seed yield in greenhouse and field conditions.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Eleven fungal isolates from chickpea roots were identified as Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume0 - Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solani
Rhizoctonia solanie1pathogen - Second interactor
- Fusarium solani
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium solanie1pathogen - Outcome
- isolated fungie1
- Qualifier
- Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (2 isolates)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots”
e1“The isolated fungi were purified and identified as Rhizoctonia solani (5 isolates), Fusarium solani (4 isolates) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (2 isolates)”
Claim · model-written summary
The isolated fungi proved pathogenic on chickpea cultivar Giza 3.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Material
- Giza 3e1
- Interactor
- isolated fungie1pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogenicitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots”
e1“The isolated fungi proved their pathogenicity on cv. ‘Giza 3’”
Claim · model-written summary
Chickpea cultivar Giza 1 was the most resistant to infection by the tested fungi.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Material
- Giza 1e2
- Interactor
- tested fungie1pathogen
- Outcome
- Responsee1
- Direction
- most resistante2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots”
e1“Response of chickpea cvs. ‘Giza 1’, ‘Giza 2’, ‘Giza 3’, ‘Giza 4’, ‘Giza 88’, ‘Giza 195’, ‘Giza 531’ to infection by the tested fungi was significantly varied”
e2“‘Giza 1’ was the most resistant one followed by ‘Giza 531’, while the other tested cvs. were highly susceptible”
Claim · model-written summary
Chickpea cultivar Giza 531 ranked after Giza 1 in resistance to the tested fungi.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Material
- Giza 531e2
- Interactor
- tested fungie1pathogen
- Outcome
- Responsee1
- Direction
- followed bye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots”
e1“Response of chickpea cvs. ‘Giza 1’, ‘Giza 2’, ‘Giza 3’, ‘Giza 4’, ‘Giza 88’, ‘Giza 195’, ‘Giza 531’ to infection by the tested fungi was significantly varied”
e2“‘Giza 1’ was the most resistant one followed by ‘Giza 531’, while the other tested cvs. were highly susceptible”
Claim · model-written summary
The other tested chickpea cultivars were highly susceptible to infection by the tested fungi.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Material
- other tested cvs.e2
- Interactor
- tested fungie1pathogen
- Outcome
- Responsee1
- Direction
- highly susceptiblee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots”
e1“Response of chickpea cvs. ‘Giza 1’, ‘Giza 2’, ‘Giza 3’, ‘Giza 4’, ‘Giza 88’, ‘Giza 195’, ‘Giza 531’ to infection by the tested fungi was significantly varied”
e2“‘Giza 1’ was the most resistant one followed by ‘Giza 531’, while the other tested cvs. were highly susceptible”
Claim · model-written summary
The response of chickpea cultivars to infection by the tested fungi was significantly varied.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Interactor
- tested fungie1pathogen
- Outcome
- Responsee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots”
e1“Response of chickpea cvs. ‘Giza 1’, ‘Giza 2’, ‘Giza 3’, ‘Giza 4’, ‘Giza 88’, ‘Giza 195’, ‘Giza 531’ to infection by the tested fungi was significantly varied”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis BSM1, B. megaterium TVM5 and Trichoderma viride TVM2 were the most antagonistic isolates to the tested fungi in vitro.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- B. subtilis isolate BSM1, B. megaterium isolate TVM5, T. viride isolate TVM2e1
- Interactor
- tested fungie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. subtilis isolate BSM1, B. megaterium isolate TVM5, T. viride isolate TVM2
Priestia megaterium
Bacillus subtilis
Trichoderma viridee1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- antagonistic onese1
- Direction
- most antagonistice1
- Comparator
- other isolatese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots”
e1“B. subtilis isolate BSM1, B. megaterium isolate TVM5, T. viride isolate TVM2 and T. harzianum isolate THM4 were the most antagonistic ones to the tested fungi in vitro, while the other isolates were moderate or weak antagonists”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum THM4 was the most antagonistic isolate to the tested fungi in vitro.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- T. harzianum isolate THM4e1
- Interactor
- tested fungie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianum isolate THM4
Trichoderma harzianume1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- antagonistic onese1
- Direction
- most antagonistice1
- Comparator
- other isolatese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots”
e1“B. subtilis isolate BSM1, B. megaterium isolate TVM5, T. viride isolate TVM2 and T. harzianum isolate THM4 were the most antagonistic ones to the tested fungi in vitro, while the other isolates were moderate or weak antagonists”
Claim · model-written summary
The other isolates were moderate or weak antagonists in vitro.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Outcome
- antagonistse1
- Direction
- moderate or weake1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots”
e1“B. subtilis isolate BSM1, B. megaterium isolate TVM5, T. viride isolate TVM2 and T. harzianum isolate THM4 were the most antagonistic ones to the tested fungi in vitro, while the other isolates were moderate or weak antagonists”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatment with the antagonistic isolates significantly reduced damping-off, root and stem rot diseases in chickpea under greenhouse conditions.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- tested antagonistic isolatese2
- Interactor
- tested fungie1pathogen
- Outcome
- damping-off, root and/or stem rot diseasese2
- Direction
- reductione2
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots”
e1“The most antagonistic isolates as well as the commercial biocide Rhizo-N were applied as seed treatment for controlling damping-off, root and/or stem rot diseases caused by the tested fungi under greenhouse conditions”
e2“The obtained data showed that all tested antagonistic isolates were able to cause significant reduction of damping-off, root and/or stem rot diseases in chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
T. viride (TVM2) and B. megaterium (BMM5) proved the most effective isolates for controlling the diseases of chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- T. viride (isolate TVM2) and B. megaterium (isolate BMM5)e1
- Interactor
- T. viride (isolate TVM2)Trichoderma viridee1biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- B. megaterium (isolate BMM5)Priestia megateriume1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- the diseasese1
- Direction
- most effectivee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots”
e1“T. viride (isolate TVM2) and B. megaterium (isolate BMM5) proved to be the most effective isolates for controlling the diseases”
Claim · model-written summary
Under field conditions, all tested antagonistic isolates significantly reduced damping-off, root and stem rot in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- tested antagonistic isolatese1
- Outcome
- damping-off, root and/or stem rote1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Setting
- field conditione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots”
e1“Under field condition, the obtained data indicated that all the tested antagonistic isolates significantly reduced damping-off, root and/or stem rot”
Claim · model-written summary
T. viride (TVM2) and B. megaterium (BMM5) gave the highest reduction of damping-off, root and stem rot in all sowing dates under field conditions.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- T. viride (isolate TVM2) and B. megaterium (isolate BMM5)e1
- Interactor
- T. viride (isolate TVM2)Trichoderma viridee1biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- B. megaterium (isolate BMM5)Priestia megateriume1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- damping-off, root and/or stem rote1
- Direction
- highest reductione1
- Qualifier
- in all sowing datese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots”
e1“T. viride (isolate TVM2) and B. megaterium (isolate BMM5) recorded the highest reduction of damping-off, root and/or stem rot in all sowing dates”
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing treated seeds in the first of November gave the highest protection against root diseases in chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- Sowing of treated seeds with bioagents in first of Novembere1
- Outcome
- protection against root diseasese1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots”
e1“Sowing of treated seeds with bioagents in first of November gave the highest protection against root diseases in chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The reduction in damping-off, root and stem rot severity was significantly reflected in increased chickpea seed yield.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- reduction in damping-off, root and/or stem rot severitye1
- Outcome
- seed yielde1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots”
e1“The reduction in damping-off, root and/or stem rot severity was significantly reflected on the produced seed yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treated with T. viride (TVM2) gave the highest chickpea seed yield in all sowing dates.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- T. viride (TVM2)e1
- Interactor
- T. viride (TVM2)Trichoderma viridee1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- seed yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- in all sowing datese1
- Comparator
- seed treated with B. megaterium (TVM5)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots”
e1“seeds previously treated with T. viride (TVM2) produced the highest seed yield in all sowing dates followed by seed treated with B. megaterium (TVM5)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treated with B. megaterium (TVM5) gave the next highest chickpea seed yield, after T. viride (TVM2).
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- seed treated with B. megaterium (TVM5)e1
- Interactor
- B. megaterium (TVM5)Priestia megateriume1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- seed yielde1
- Direction
- followed bye1
- Qualifier
- in all sowing datese1
- Comparator
- seeds previously treated with T. viride (TVM2)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots”
e1“seeds previously treated with T. viride (TVM2) produced the highest seed yield in all sowing dates followed by seed treated with B. megaterium (TVM5)”
Claim · model-written summary
First of November was the best sowing date for chickpea seed yield per feddan.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- First of Novembere1
- Outcome
- seed yield/fede1
- Direction
- beste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots”
e1“First of November was the best sowing date to reduce these diseases and to increase seed yield/fed”
Claim · model-written summary
The antagonistic isolates from chickpea rhizosphere were more active than the commercial biocide Rhizo-N in reducing chickpea root diseases in greenhouse and field conditions.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- the antagonistic isolates isolated from chickpea rhizospheree1
- Outcome
- reducing chickpea root diseasese1
- Direction
- most activee1
- Comparator
- the commercial biocide Rhizo-Ne1
- Setting
- greenhouse and field conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots”
e1“the antagonistic isolates isolated from chickpea rhizosphere, were most active than the commercial biocide Rhizo-N in reducing chickpea root diseases and increase of seed yield in greenhouse and field conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The antagonistic isolates from chickpea rhizosphere increased chickpea seed yield more than the commercial biocide Rhizo-N in greenhouse and field conditions.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- the antagonistic isolates isolated from chickpea rhizospheree1
- Outcome
- seed yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Comparator
- the commercial biocide Rhizo-Ne1
- Setting
- greenhouse and field conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots”
e1“the antagonistic isolates isolated from chickpea rhizosphere, were most active than the commercial biocide Rhizo-N in reducing chickpea root diseases and increase of seed yield in greenhouse and field conditions”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.