Abstract
Pistachio gummosis is the most important disease of pistachio trees in Iran. The fungus-like oomycetous pathogen, Phytophthora pistaciae, is a major cause of the disease. In order to investigate the reaction of different pistachio cultivars, P. pistaciae was isolated from infected pistachio trees in Yazd and Kerman Provinces of Iran during 2009 and 2010. These isolates were identified based on morphological and ribosomal genome characteristics, and their pathogenicity confirmed. In this study, five-month-old seedlings of various pistachio cultivars including Sarakhs, Badami-Rize-Zarand, Ghazvini, Kaleh Ghochi, Ahmad Aghaiy, Ohadi, Khanjari-Damghan, and Fandoghi were challenge inoculated using different isolates of P. pistaciae. The disease symptoms in infected cultivars were monitored for six months and the percentage of dead trees, the fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots, height of the plants and percentage of the root colonization were determined. The trial was performed as a two-factor factorial experiment with 3 replications for each combination, the factors being cultivars and isolates at 7 and 3 levels, respectively, in a completely randomized design. No significant differences were observed among pathogenicity of the pathogen isolates. A comparison of mortality showed that the Sarakhs had the highest percentage of deaths (80%) and the Badami-Rize-Zarand had the lowest percentage of deaths (15%), while in Ghazvini no mortality was observed. The results of root colonization by pathogen varied in various cultivars, with the Sarakhs and Ghazvini giving the maximum and minimum root colonization, respectively. Sarakhs had the most height reduction (45%), with the Badami-Rize-Zarand (12%) and Ghazvini (8%) cultivars having the least. Studies on fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots of plants also showed some reduction in infected plant tissues, with the Sarakhs cultivar having the highest weight reduction in comparison with the control. On the whole, using the investigated criteria, Ghazvini and Badami-Rize-Zarand seemed to be more resistant than other cultivars, with Sarakhs being the most susceptible one. Although 30 °C was calculated as the optimal temperature for pathogenicity in Sarakhs cultivar, the results showed that the range of 25 to 30 °C could be extensively effective in development of the disease.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogenicity did not differ significantly among the tested P. pistaciae isolates.
- Taxon
- pistachio
Pistacia verae1 - Interactor
- P. pistaciaePhytophthora pistaciaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogenicity of the pathogen isolatese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant differences were observed among pathogenicity of the pathogen isolates.”
e1“P. pistaciae was isolated from infected pistachio trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Sarakhs had the highest mortality, 80%.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae1
- Material
- Sarakhse0
- Interactor
- P. pistaciaePhytophthora pistaciaee2pathogen
- Outcome
- percentage of deathse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 80%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Sarakhs had the highest percentage of deaths (80%)”
e1“pistachio cultivars including Sarakhs”
e2“P. pistaciae was isolated from infected pistachio trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Badami-Rize-Zarand had the lowest mortality, 15%.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae1
- Material
- Badami-Rize-Zarande0
- Interactor
- P. pistaciaePhytophthora pistaciaee2pathogen
- Outcome
- percentage of deathse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 15%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Badami-Rize-Zarand had the lowest percentage of deaths (15%)”
e1“pistachio cultivars including Sarakhs”
e2“P. pistaciae was isolated from infected pistachio trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Ghazvini showed no mortality.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae1
- Material
- Ghazvinie0
- Interactor
- P. pistaciaePhytophthora pistaciaee2pathogen
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- no mortalitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in Ghazvini no mortality was observed”
e1“pistachio cultivars including Sarakhs”
e2“P. pistaciae was isolated from infected pistachio trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Sarakhs had maximum pathogen root colonization.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae1
- Material
- Sarakhse0
- Interactor
- P. pistaciaePhytophthora pistaciaee2pathogen
- Outcome
- root colonizatione0
- Direction
- maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sarakhs and Ghazvini giving the maximum and minimum root colonization, respectively”
e1“pistachio cultivars including Sarakhs”
e2“P. pistaciae was isolated from infected pistachio trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Ghazvini had minimum pathogen root colonization.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae1
- Material
- Ghazvinie0
- Interactor
- P. pistaciaePhytophthora pistaciaee2pathogen
- Outcome
- root colonizatione0
- Direction
- minimume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sarakhs and Ghazvini giving the maximum and minimum root colonization, respectively”
e1“pistachio cultivars including Sarakhs”
e2“P. pistaciae was isolated from infected pistachio trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Sarakhs had the greatest height reduction, 45%.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae1
- Material
- Sarakhse0
- Interactor
- P. pistaciaePhytophthora pistaciaee2pathogen
- Outcome
- height reductione0
- Direction
- moste0
- Value
- 45%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sarakhs had the most height reduction (45%)”
e1“pistachio cultivars including Sarakhs”
e2“P. pistaciae was isolated from infected pistachio trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Badami-Rize-Zarand had among the least height reduction, 12%.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae2
- Material
- Badami-Rize-Zarande0
- Outcome
- height reductione1
- Direction
- leaste0
- Value
- 12%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Badami-Rize-Zarand (12%) and Ghazvini (8%) cultivars having the least”
e1“Sarakhs had the most height reduction (45%)”
e2“pistachio cultivars including Sarakhs”
Claim · model-written summary
Ghazvini had among the least height reduction, 8%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ghazvini (8%) cultivars having the least”
e1“Sarakhs had the most height reduction (45%)”
e2“pistachio cultivars including Sarakhs”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected plant tissues had reduced fresh and dry root and shoot weights, most strongly in Sarakhs relative to controls.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae1
- Material
- Sarakhse0
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weight of shoots and rootse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots of plants also showed some reduction in infected plant tissues, with the Sarakhs cultivar having the highest weight reduction in comparison with the control”
e1“pistachio cultivars including Sarakhs”
Claim · model-written summary
Ghazvini was judged more resistant than the other cultivars overall.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae1
- Material
- Ghazvinie0
- Outcome
- resistante0
- Direction
- more resistante0
- Comparator
- other cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ghazvini and Badami-Rize-Zarand seemed to be more resistant than other cultivars”
e1“pistachio cultivars including Sarakhs”
Claim · model-written summary
Badami-Rize-Zarand was judged more resistant than the other cultivars overall.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae1
- Material
- Badami-Rize-Zarande0
- Outcome
- resistante0
- Direction
- more resistante0
- Comparator
- other cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ghazvini and Badami-Rize-Zarand seemed to be more resistant than other cultivars”
e1“pistachio cultivars including Sarakhs”
Claim · model-written summary
Sarakhs was judged the most susceptible cultivar.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae1
- Material
- Sarakhse0
- Outcome
- most susceptiblee0
- Direction
- most susceptiblee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sarakhs being the most susceptible one”
e1“pistachio cultivars including Sarakhs”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimal temperature for pathogenicity in Sarakhs was calculated as 30 °C.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae1
- Material
- Sarakhse0
- Outcome
- optimal temperature for pathogenicitye0
- Value
- 30 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“30 °C was calculated as the optimal temperature for pathogenicity in Sarakhs cultivar”
e1“pistachio cultivars including Sarakhs”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease development was effective across 25 to 30 °C.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae1
- Outcome
- development of the diseasee0
- Value
- 25 to 30 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“range of 25 to 30 °C could be extensively effective in development of the disease”
e1“pistachio cultivars including Sarakhs”