Abstract
Pachyrhizus ahipa (Wedd.) Parodi, originally from Latin America, is an agronomy interesting legume crop due to high seed protein content and saccharides-rich tuber root. Its capacity of adaptation to Mediterranean climate, where heat and water stress are frequently associated, is being tested. Two accessions of P. ahipa (AC 102 and AC 524) differing in field production were compared as concerns the effects of water stress and high temperature on photosynthetic performance. Membrane integrity was also evaluated through electrolyte leakage (injury index, I%), lipid composition, and ultrastructure observations. Short-term heat stress (40 °C) did not affect net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), and most of fluorescence parameters in both accessions, what was consistent with low electrolyte leakage. However, photosynthetic capacity (Pmax) showed a significant reduction, AC 524 being more affected than AC 102. Relative water content (RWC) below 70 % caused a drastic decrease in PN and gs. Fluorescence parameters, Pmax, and I% were affected in the two accessions, which also presented a strong reduction (42 %) in total fatty acids (TFA). Contents of galactolipids were drastically reduced, and changes in their saturation also occurred, namely a decrease in linolenic acid (C18:3) percentage of monogalactosyl-diacylglycerol (MGDG) in both accessions. Thylakoid ultrastructure in AC 524 submitted to drought showed disorganisation of grana stacking. Mitochondria presented signs of injured cristae. When water-stressed plants were subjected to high temperature, photosynthesis and fluorescence parameters did not show significant additional changes in both accessions. The exposure of drought stressed plants to 40 °C further increased electrolyte leakage in AC 524, but not in AC 102. Chloroplasts, mitochondria, and plasmalemma showed an increased disorganisation. Vesicles appeared in the cytoplasm, which became electron-transparent, reflecting a strong reduction in the number of ribosomes. Hence AC 102 was less affected than AC 524 as regards some components of photosynthetic process, namely Pmax and membrane integrity. This could account for its better yield production previously observed in field grown plants.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Short heat stress did not change net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance or most fluorescence parameters in either accession.
- Taxon
- Pachyrhizus ahipa
Pachyrhizus ahipat0 - Treatment
- Short-term heat stress (40 °C)e0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), and most of fluorescence parameterse0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pachyrhizus ahipa”
e0“Short-term heat stress (40 °C) did not affect net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), and most of fluorescence parameters in both accessions”
Claim · model-written summary
Short heat stress was accompanied by low electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- Pachyrhizus ahipaPachyrhizus ahipat0
- Outcome
- low electrolyte leakagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pachyrhizus ahipa”
e0“what was consistent with low electrolyte leakage”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat significantly reduced photosynthetic capacity, more in AC 524 than AC 102.
- Taxon
- Pachyrhizus ahipaPachyrhizus ahipat0
- Material
- AC 524e0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic capacity (Pmax)e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- AC 102e0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pachyrhizus ahipa”
e0“photosynthetic capacity (Pmax) showed a significant reduction, AC 524 being more affected than AC 102”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative water content below 70% sharply decreased photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- Pachyrhizus ahipaPachyrhizus ahipat0
- Outcome
- PN and gse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- below 70 %e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundOrgan / stageInteractorTreatmentComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pachyrhizus ahipa”
e0“Relative water content (RWC) below 70 % caused a drastic decrease in PN and gs”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought affected fluorescence parameters, photosynthetic capacity and injury index in both accessions.
- Taxon
- Pachyrhizus ahipaPachyrhizus ahipat0
- Outcome
- Fluorescence parameters, Pmax, and I%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pachyrhizus ahipa”
e0“Fluorescence parameters, Pmax, and I% were affected in the two accessions”
Claim · model-written summary
Both accessions lost 42% of total fatty acids under water stress.
- Taxon
- Pachyrhizus ahipaPachyrhizus ahipat0
- Outcome
- total fatty acids (TFA)e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 42 %e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pachyrhizus ahipa”
e0“which also presented a strong reduction (42 %) in total fatty acids (TFA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Galactolipid contents fell drastically.
- Taxon
- Pachyrhizus ahipaPachyrhizus ahipat0
- Outcome
- Contents of galactolipidse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pachyrhizus ahipa”
e0“Contents of galactolipids were drastically reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Linolenic acid percentage in MGDG decreased in both accessions.
- Taxon
- Pachyrhizus ahipaPachyrhizus ahipat0
- Outcome
- linolenic acid (C18:3) percentage of monogalactosyl-diacylglycerol (MGDG)e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pachyrhizus ahipa”
e0“a decrease in linolenic acid (C18:3) percentage of monogalactosyl-diacylglycerol (MGDG) in both accessions”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought disorganized grana stacking in AC 524 thylakoids.
- Taxon
- Pachyrhizus ahipaPachyrhizus ahipat0
- Material
- AC 524e0
- Outcome
- disorganisation of grana stackinge0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pachyrhizus ahipa”
e0“Thylakoid ultrastructure in AC 524 submitted to drought showed disorganisation of grana stacking”
Claim · model-written summary
Mitochondrial cristae showed injury.
- Taxon
- Pachyrhizus ahipaPachyrhizus ahipat0
- Outcome
- injured cristaee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pachyrhizus ahipa”
e0“Mitochondria presented signs of injured cristae”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding high temperature to drought did not significantly change photosynthesis and fluorescence parameters in either accession.
- Taxon
- Pachyrhizus ahipaPachyrhizus ahipat0
- Treatment
- high temperaturee0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis and fluorescence parameterse0
- Direction
- did not show significant additional changese0
- Comparator
- water-stressed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pachyrhizus ahipa”
e0“When water-stressed plants were subjected to high temperature, photosynthesis and fluorescence parameters did not show significant additional changes in both accessions”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat added to drought increased electrolyte leakage in AC 524.
- Taxon
- Pachyrhizus ahipaPachyrhizus ahipat0
- Material
- AC 524e0
- Treatment
- 40 °Ce0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- drought stressed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pachyrhizus ahipa”
e0“The exposure of drought stressed plants to 40 °C further increased electrolyte leakage in AC 524, but not in AC 102”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat added to drought did not increase electrolyte leakage in AC 102.
- Taxon
- Pachyrhizus ahipaPachyrhizus ahipat0
- Material
- AC 102e0
- Treatment
- 40 °Ce0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- note0
- Comparator
- drought stressed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pachyrhizus ahipa”
e0“The exposure of drought stressed plants to 40 °C further increased electrolyte leakage in AC 524, but not in AC 102”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress increased disorganization of chloroplasts, mitochondria and plasmalemma.
- Taxon
- Pachyrhizus ahipaPachyrhizus ahipat0
- Outcome
- disorganisatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pachyrhizus ahipa”
e0“Chloroplasts, mitochondria, and plasmalemma showed an increased disorganisation”
Claim · model-written summary
Vesicles appeared in the cytoplasm.
- Taxon
- Pachyrhizus ahipaPachyrhizus ahipat0
- Outcome
- Vesicles appeared in the cytoplasme0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pachyrhizus ahipa”
e0“Vesicles appeared in the cytoplasm”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytoplasm became electron transparent with strongly fewer ribosomes.
- Taxon
- Pachyrhizus ahipaPachyrhizus ahipat0
- Outcome
- number of ribosomese0
- Direction
- reductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pachyrhizus ahipa”
e0“which became electron-transparent, reflecting a strong reduction in the number of ribosomes”
Claim · model-written summary
AC 102 was less affected than AC 524 in photosynthetic capacity and membrane integrity.
- Taxon
- Pachyrhizus ahipaPachyrhizus ahipat0
- Material
- AC 102e0
- Outcome
- Pmax and membrane integritye0
- Direction
- less affectede0
- Comparator
- AC 524e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Pachyrhizus ahipa”
e0“AC 102 was less affected than AC 524 as regards some components of photosynthetic process, namely Pmax and membrane integrity”