Abstract
Abstract Several trials the results of which are compiled in this paper, were carried out at the Tobacco Institute of Bergerac (ITB) and in the area nearby from 1996 to 2003. The objective was to study the formation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) in dark air-cured and burley tobaccos during curing and post-curing treatment under the conditions of cultivation, curing and storage commonly applied by the growers in the south-western part of France. For experimental purposes special treatments were performed in certain trials. The results showed that the main genetic trait involved in the formation of TSNA is the propensity of a variety to convert nicotine to nornicotine (NN). In addition, the ability of a variety to lose water rapidly limits the formation of nitrite and hence also the formation of TSNA. Furthermore, agricultural practices that led to an increase of alkaloid concentrations in the tobacco leaves also led to an increase of TSNA concentration. Priming, a mode of harvest which speeds up the cure, as compared to stalk-cutting, as well as low temperatures during curing, limit the formation of TSNA, but do not yield tobaccos of the best quality. Ventilation in the barn plays a major role, and the leaves cured in well ventilated curing structures, such as plastic sheds, generally contained smaller amounts of TSNA than leaves cured in a conventional curing barn. The results also indicated that the TSNA concentrations may increase after the end of cure, if the cured tobaccos were kept hanging in the barn under humid conditions. The concentration of TSNA may also continue to increase, whereas nitrite concentrations tend to decrease, when the leaves are kept in bales. It can be concluded that the French climatic conditions with moderate temperatures and low relative humidity at the time of curing, are favourable for the production of air-cured tobaccos with a good quality and low TSNA concentrations (1.5-3.5 µg/g), provided that the variety has low NN content, the nitrogen fertilization is moderate, the curing is performed in a well ventilated environment, the tobacco is taken down and stripped as soon as it is cured, and the bales are stored as briefly as possible before the leaves are threshed and stabilized.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The main genetic trait involved in TSNA formation in tobaccos is a variety's propensity to convert nicotine to nornicotine.
- Taxon
- Tobaccos
Nicotiana tabacumt0 - Compound
- nornicotinee0
- Outcome
- formation of TSNAe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“French Air-Cured Tobaccos”
e0“the main genetic trait involved in the formation of TSNA is the propensity of a variety to convert nicotine to nornicotine (NN)”
Claim · model-written summary
The ability of a tobacco variety to lose water rapidly limits nitrite formation and hence TSNA formation.
- Taxon
- TobaccosNicotiana tabacumt0
- Compound
- nitritee0
- Outcome
- formation of TSNAe0
- Direction
- limitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“French Air-Cured Tobaccos”
e0“the ability of a variety to lose water rapidly limits the formation of nitrite and hence also the formation of TSNA”
Claim · model-written summary
Agricultural practices that increased alkaloid concentrations in tobacco leaves also increased TSNA concentration.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Compound
- alkaloid concentrationse0
- Outcome
- TSNA concentratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“agricultural practices that led to an increase of alkaloid concentrations in the tobacco leaves also led to an increase of TSNA concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming as a harvest mode, compared with stalk-cutting, limited TSNA formation in tobaccos.
- Taxon
- tobaccosNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- Priminge0
- Outcome
- formation of TSNAe0
- Direction
- limite0
- Comparator
- stalk-cuttinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Priming, a mode of harvest which speeds up the cure, as compared to stalk-cutting, as well as low temperatures during curing, limit the formation of TSNA, but do not yield tobaccos of the best quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperatures during curing limited TSNA formation in tobaccos.
- Taxon
- tobaccosNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- low temperatures during curinge0
- Outcome
- formation of TSNAe0
- Direction
- limite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Priming, a mode of harvest which speeds up the cure, as compared to stalk-cutting, as well as low temperatures during curing, limit the formation of TSNA, but do not yield tobaccos of the best quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming and low curing temperatures do not yield tobaccos of the best quality.
- Taxon
- tobaccosNicotiana tabacume0
- Outcome
- best qualitye0
- Qualifier
- do not yield tobaccos of the best qualitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Priming, a mode of harvest which speeds up the cure, as compared to stalk-cutting, as well as low temperatures during curing, limit the formation of TSNA, but do not yield tobaccos of the best quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Tobacco leaves cured in well ventilated structures such as plastic sheds generally contained smaller amounts of TSNA than leaves cured in a conventional curing barn.
- Taxon
- TobaccosNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- well ventilated curing structures, such as plastic shedse0
- Outcome
- amounts of TSNAe0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Comparator
- conventional curing barne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“French Air-Cured Tobaccos”
e0“the leaves cured in well ventilated curing structures, such as plastic sheds, generally contained smaller amounts of TSNA than leaves cured in a conventional curing barn”
Claim · model-written summary
TSNA concentrations may increase after the end of cure when cured tobaccos are kept hanging in the barn under humid conditions.
- Taxon
- tobaccosNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- kept hanging in the barn under humid conditionse0
- Outcome
- TSNA concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the TSNA concentrations may increase after the end of cure, if the cured tobaccos were kept hanging in the barn under humid conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
TSNA concentration may continue to increase when tobacco leaves are kept in bales.
- Taxon
- TobaccosNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- kept in balese0
- Outcome
- concentration of TSNAe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“French Air-Cured Tobaccos”
e0“The concentration of TSNA may also continue to increase, whereas nitrite concentrations tend to decrease, when the leaves are kept in bales”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrite concentrations tend to decrease when tobacco leaves are kept in bales.
- Taxon
- TobaccosNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- kept in balese0
- Outcome
- nitrite concentrationse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“French Air-Cured Tobaccos”
e0“The concentration of TSNA may also continue to increase, whereas nitrite concentrations tend to decrease, when the leaves are kept in bales”
Claim · model-written summary
French climatic conditions are favourable for air-cured tobaccos of good quality with low TSNA (1.5-3.5 µg/g), provided the variety has low NN content, nitrogen fertilization is moderate, curing is well ventilated, and bale storage is brief.
Verbatim
e0“the French climatic conditions with moderate temperatures and low relative humidity at the time of curing, are favourable for the production of air-cured tobaccos with a good quality and low TSNA concentrations (1.5-3.5 µg/g)”
e1“provided that the variety has low NN content, the nitrogen fertilization is moderate, the curing is performed in a well ventilated environment, the tobacco is taken down and stripped as soon as it is cured, and the bales are stored as briefly as possible”
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See all 14 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.