Abstract
Integrating fertilizer N (FN) with legume green manures (GM) can foster sustainable and environmentally sound agricultural systems in subtropical, semiarid soils low in organic matter. A 4‐yr replicated field experiment with irrigated rice ( Oryza sativa L.) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) rotations was conducted on a sandy loam soil in the Punjab of India to evaluate the effects of incorporating cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L.) or sesbania ( Sesbania aculeata L.) GM on crop productivity, N‐use efficiency, and NO 3 leaching. Rice grain yields with pretransplant incorporation of 20 and 40 Mg GM ha −1 (GM 20 and GM 40 ) ranged from 5.18 to 5.81 Mg ha −1 , which were equivalent to the 5.40 Mg ha −1 obtained with 120 kg FN ha −1 (FN 120 ). Rice yield with 60 kg FN ha −1 (FN 60 ) and GM 20 was double the control yield and 6% greater than the FN 120 treatment. Nitrogen utilization by rice was greater for GM 20 than FN, as indicated by greater fertilizer N equivalents and an apparent N recovery by rice of 79 vs. 63%. While FN had no residual effects, residual GM produced greater wheat yields, indicating that FN applied to wheat could be reduced by 25%. Soil NO 3 –N leaching to 60 cm in the rice crop was apparently used by the subsequent wheat crop, which has a deeper and more extensive rooting system. After 4 yr, use of FN 120 for both crops resulted in 35 kg of residual NO 3 –N ha −1 in the 150‐cm soil profile (74% below 90 cm), whereas only 19 kg NO 3 –N ha −1 remained with GM 20 plus FN 60 . Use of GM 20 with FN 60 for a rice–wheat rotation demonstrated greater yields of rice and wheat, 25 to 50% reduction in fertilizer N use, and decreased potential for groundwater NO 3 contamination.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield with GM20 and GM40 was 5.18 to 5.81 Mg ha−1, equivalent to FN120 yield.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- 20 and 40 Mg GM ha −1e0
- Outcome
- Rice grain yieldse0
- Direction
- equivalente0
- Value
- 5.18 to 5.81 Mg ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- 5.40 Mg ha −1e0
- Comparator
- FN 120e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice grain yields with pretransplant incorporation of 20 and 40 Mg GM ha −1 (GM 20 and GM 40 ) ranged from 5.18 to 5.81 Mg ha −1 , which were equivalent to the 5.40 Mg ha −1 obtained with 120 kg FN ha −1 (FN 120 ).”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield with FN60 plus GM20 doubled the control yield.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 60 kg FN ha −1 (FN 60 ) and GM 20e0
- Outcome
- Rice yielde0
- Direction
- doublee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice yield with 60 kg FN ha −1 (FN 60 ) and GM 20 was double the control yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield with FN60 plus GM20 exceeded FN120 by 6%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 60 kg FN ha −1 (FN 60 ) and GM 20e0
- Outcome
- Rice yielde0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 6%e0
- Comparator
- FN 120 treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice yield with 60 kg FN ha −1 (FN 60 ) and GM 20 was double the control yield and 6% greater than the FN 120 treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice nitrogen use was greater under GM20 than fertilizer N.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- GM 20e0
- Outcome
- Nitrogen utilization by ricee0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- FNe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen utilization by rice was greater for GM 20 than FN”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparent rice nitrogen recovery was 79% under GM versus 63% under fertilizer N.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- GM 20e0
- Outcome
- apparent N recovery by ricee0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 79 vs. 63%e0
- Comparator
- FNe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen utilization by rice was greater for GM 20 than FN, as indicated by greater fertilizer N equivalents and an apparent N recovery by rice of 79 vs. 63%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer N had no residual effect on subsequent wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- FNe0
- Outcome
- residual effectse0
- Direction
- no residual effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“While FN had no residual effects, residual GM produced greater wheat yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual green manure increased subsequent wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- residual GMe0
- Outcome
- wheat yieldse0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“residual GM produced greater wheat yields”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer wheat fertilizer N could be reduced by 25% after green manure.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- FN applied to wheat could be reducede0
- Value
- 25%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FN applied to wheat could be reduced by 25%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nitrate leached to 60 cm during rice appeared to be used by subsequent wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- Soil NO 3 –N leaching to 60 cme0
- Qualifier
- apparently used by the subsequent wheat crope0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil NO 3 –N leaching to 60 cm in the rice crop was apparently used by the subsequent wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
After four years FN120 for both crops left 35 kg residual nitrate per hectare in the soil profile.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FN 120e0
- Outcome
- residual NO 3 –Ne0
- Value
- 35 kg of residual NO 3 –N ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- 74% below 90 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“use of FN 120 for both crops resulted in 35 kg of residual NO 3 –N ha −1 in the 150‐cm soil profile (74% below 90 cm)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GM20 plus FN60 left 19 kg nitrate per hectare after four years.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GM 20 plus FN 60e0
- Outcome
- NO 3 –Ne0
- Value
- 19 kg NO 3 –N ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only 19 kg NO 3 –N ha −1 remained with GM 20 plus FN 60”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GM20 with FN60 produced greater rice and wheat yields.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- GM 20 with FN 60e0
- Outcome
- yields of rice and wheate0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Use of GM 20 with FN 60 for a rice–wheat rotation demonstrated greater yields of rice and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
GM20 with FN60 reduced fertilizer N use by 25 to 50%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- fertilizer N usee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 25 to 50%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“25 to 50% reduction in fertilizer N use”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GM20 with FN60 decreased potential groundwater nitrate contamination.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- potential for groundwater NO 3 contaminatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased potential for groundwater NO 3 contamination.”
t0“Rice”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3,114 papers in the same direction as this paper · 284 in the opposite direction · 39 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
3,434 papers more in this group
See all 3,438 papers →fertilization · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
3,182 papers in the same direction as this paper · 207 in the opposite direction · 65 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
3,451 papers more in this group
See all 3,455 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.