Abstract
The release process of bacteria into the cytoplasm of soybean nodule cells has been studied, and three functional zones of the infection thread are delineated. Zone 1 is found over the greatest length of very long infection threads. Zone 2 is a short region where membrane mobilization by exocytosis of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) into the infection-thread membrane takes place; the result is that much new membrane and wall degradation enzymes can be provided. In addition, de novo membrane formation takes place inside the infection thread in apposition to the bacterial outer membrane. Zone 3 is the endocytic region where both bacteria and infection-thread wall degradation vesicles are released into the host cytoplasm and constitute a second product of endocytosis at the infection thread tip. Evidence is presented indicating that the symbiosome membrane, even at its time of origin, is composed of membrane from three sources: the host infection-thread membrane, ER, and de novo synthesis; the membrane formation that is so large for these purposes is probably carried out both from the ER directly and also through the Golgi-apparatus synthesis. Evidence is also given that the bacteria have lost their exopolysaccharide coatings before release into symbiosomes.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean nodule infection threads have three functional zones.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Outcome
- three functional zones of the infection threade0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three functional zones of the infection thread are delineated.”
t0“soybean nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
Zone 1 spans the greatest length of very long infection threads.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- greatest length of very long infection threadse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zone 1 is found over the greatest length of very long infection threads.”
t0“soybean nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
Zone 2 mobilizes endoplasmic reticulum membrane into the infection-thread membrane by exocytosis.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- infection-threade0
- Outcome
- membrane mobilization by exocytosis of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) into the infection-thread membranee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zone 2 is a short region where membrane mobilization by exocytosis of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) into the infection-thread membrane takes place; the result is that much new membrane and wall degradation enzymes can be provided.”
t0“soybean nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
New membrane and wall degradation enzymes can be provided in zone 2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- much new membrane and wall degradation enzymes can be providede0
- Qualifier
- the result is thate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the result is that much new membrane and wall degradation enzymes can be provided.”
t0“soybean nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
New membrane forms inside the infection thread next to the bacterial outer membrane.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- infection threade0
- Outcome
- de novo membrane formatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“de novo membrane formation takes place inside the infection thread in apposition to the bacterial outer membrane.”
t0“soybean nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
Zone 3 releases bacteria and infection-thread wall degradation vesicles into host cytoplasm by endocytosis.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- infection thread tipe0
- Outcome
- bacteria and infection-thread wall degradation vesicles are released into the host cytoplasme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zone 3 is the endocytic region where both bacteria and infection-thread wall degradation vesicles are released into the host cytoplasm and constitute a second product of endocytosis at the infection thread tip.”
t0“soybean nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
The symbiosome membrane originates from host infection-thread membrane, endoplasmic reticulum and de novo synthesis.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- symbiosome membranee0
- Qualifier
- three sources: the host infection-thread membrane, ER, and de novo synthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the symbiosome membrane, even at its time of origin, is composed of membrane from three sources: the host infection-thread membrane, ER, and de novo synthesis”
t0“soybean nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacteria lose exopolysaccharide coatings before release into soybean symbiosomes.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- bacteria have lost their exopolysaccharide coatings before release into symbiosomese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the bacteria have lost their exopolysaccharide coatings before release into symbiosomes.”
t0“soybean nodules”