Abstract
To elucidate the advantages of organic farming over inorganic farming in sustainable agriculture, experiments were conducted at Kerala Agricultural University, College of Agriculture, Vellayani using Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcort) as a test crop. The experiments were carried out in a loamy skeletal kaolinitic rhodic haplustult soil. Different treatments tested were T1:Full recommended dose as per Package of practices recommendation (20 kg N ha-1, 30 kg P2O5ha-1 & 10 kg K2O ha-1 with 20 t FYM ha-1), T2: Full recommended dose as Farm Yard Manure, T3:Full recommended dose as FYM + P Solubilizing Micro-organisms, T4: Full recommended dose as Vermi compost, T5: Full recommended dose as Vermi compost + P Solubilizing Micro organisms, T6:Full recommended dose as Poultry manure, T7: Full recommended dose as Poultry manure + P Solubilizing Micro organisms, T8: Inorganic alone (20kg N ha-1, 30 kg P2O5ha-1 & 10 kg K2O ha-1). Farmyard manure, vermicompost and poultry manure were applied on the N content basis and additional requirements of P and K were met through application of rock phosphate and ash according to treatments. Phosphorus Solubilizing Microorganisms consisted of a mixture of Pseudomonas, Aspergillus and Azospirillum. Phosphorus Solubilizing Micro organisms @1 g plant -1 was applied in T3, T5 and T7 treatments. Entire P and K were applied basally and half the recommended N as basal and rest after two weeks of planting for all the treatments. The experiments were laid out in randomized block design with eight treatments and three replications. Lime was uniformly applied to all plots @ 250kg ha-1 to reduce the soil acidity. The results showed that organic farming practices improved physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil and helped for carbon sequestration. Organic manures also enhanced the soil enzyme activities such as dehydrogenase and phosphatase. All growth characters like height of plant, number and weight of nodules and leaf area index were found to be significantly boosted by organic treatments. The highest pod yield has been observed in Package of Practices recommendation treatment (T1) followed by vermi compost + P Solubilizing Micro organism’s application (T5). But these two treatments were on par statistically. Vermi compost + P Solubilizing Micro-organisms application showed pronounced effect on bhusa (total shoot weight) yield and total dry matter production. Pod nutrient composition as obtained from chemical analysis projected the role of organic manures in enhancing the pod nutrient content- N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu. Sulphur content was highest in poultry manure treatment. The influence of organic manure addition over inorganic nutrition was clearly highlighted in pod quality. Vermi compost application registered lowest value for crude fibre in cowpea. Regarding protein content, shelf life and organoleptic evaluation, organic treatments showed superior values over inorganic alone. The study revealed the favourable effect of organic nutrition in enhancing soil fertility and the quality aspects of cowpea pod in comparison with inorganic and integrated nutrition.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Organic farming practices improved physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil under cowpea.
- Taxon
- Cowpea
Vigna unguiculatae0 - Treatment
- organic farming practicese1
- Outcome
- physical, chemical and biological properties of the soile1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcort)”
e1“organic farming practices improved physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic farming practices helped carbon sequestration in the cowpea experiments.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- organic farming practicese1
- Outcome
- carbon sequestratione1
- Direction
- helpede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcort)”
e1“organic farming practices improved physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil and helped for carbon sequestration”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manures enhanced soil dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- Organic manurese1
- Outcome
- soil enzyme activities such as dehydrogenase and phosphatasee1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcort)”
e1“Organic manures also enhanced the soil enzyme activities such as dehydrogenase and phosphatase”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic treatments significantly boosted plant height of cowpea.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- organic treatmentse1
- Outcome
- height of plante1
- Direction
- boostede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcort)”
e1“All growth characters like height of plant, number and weight of nodules and leaf area index were found to be significantly boosted by organic treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic treatments significantly boosted number and weight of nodules of cowpea.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- organic treatmentse1
- Outcome
- number and weight of nodulese1
- Direction
- boostede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcort)”
e1“All growth characters like height of plant, number and weight of nodules and leaf area index were found to be significantly boosted by organic treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic treatments significantly boosted leaf area index of cowpea.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- organic treatmentse1
- Outcome
- leaf area indexe1
- Direction
- boostede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcort)”
e1“All growth characters like height of plant, number and weight of nodules and leaf area index were found to be significantly boosted by organic treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest pod yield was observed with the Package of Practices recommendation treatment (T1), followed by vermicompost + P solubilizing microorganisms (T5).
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- Package of Practices recommendation treatment (T1)e1
- Outcome
- pod yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcort)”
e1“The highest pod yield has been observed in Package of Practices recommendation treatment (T1) followed by vermi compost + P Solubilizing Micro”
Claim · model-written summary
The T1 and T5 treatments were statistically on par for pod yield.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- Package of Practices recommendation treatment (T1)e1
- Outcome
- pod yielde4
- Direction
- on pare3
- Comparator
- vermi compost + P Solubilizing Microe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcort)”
e1“Package of Practices recommendation treatment (T1)”
e2“followed by vermi compost + P Solubilizing Micro”
e3“these two treatments were on par statistically”
e4“The highest pod yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost + P solubilizing microorganisms showed a pronounced effect on bhusa (total shoot weight) yield and total dry matter production.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- Vermi compost + P Solubilizing Micro-organisms applicatione1
- Outcome
- bhusa (total shoot weight) yield and total dry matter productione1
- Direction
- pronounced effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcort)”
e1“Vermi compost + P Solubilizing Micro-organisms application showed pronounced effect on bhusa (total shoot weight) yield and total dry matter production”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manures enhanced pod N, P and K content.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- pode1
- Treatment
- organic manurese1
- Outcome
- N, P, Ke1
- Direction
- enhancinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcort)”
e1“Pod nutrient composition as obtained from chemical analysis projected the role of organic manures in enhancing the pod nutrient content- N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manures enhanced pod Ca, Mg and Mn content.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- pode1
- Treatment
- organic manurese1
- Outcome
- Ca, Mg, Mne1
- Direction
- enhancinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcort)”
e1“Pod nutrient composition as obtained from chemical analysis projected the role of organic manures in enhancing the pod nutrient content- N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manures enhanced pod Zn and Cu content.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Organ / stage
- pode1
- Treatment
- organic manurese1
- Outcome
- Zn and Cue1
- Direction
- enhancinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcort)”
e1“Pod nutrient composition as obtained from chemical analysis projected the role of organic manures in enhancing the pod nutrient content- N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur content was highest in the poultry manure treatment.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- poultry manure treatmente1
- Outcome
- Sulphur contente1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcort)”
e1“Sulphur content was highest in poultry manure treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost application gave the lowest crude fibre value in cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae1
- Treatment
- Vermi compost applicatione1
- Outcome
- crude fibree1
- Direction
- lowest valuee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcort)”
e1“Vermi compost application registered lowest value for crude fibre in cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic treatments showed superior protein content, shelf life and organoleptic evaluation compared with inorganic alone.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- organic treatmentse1
- Outcome
- protein content, shelf life and organoleptic evaluatione1
- Direction
- superior valuese1
- Comparator
- inorganic alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcort)”
e1“Regarding protein content, shelf life and organoleptic evaluation, organic treatments showed superior values over inorganic alone”
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