Abstract
Considering the present trends of global climate change, atmospheric CO2 and temperature levels are likely to increase in future, which will affect yields, water and nitrogen requirements of the crops in a given region. The present study concerns quantification of direct and interactive effects of the elevated CO2 (from 350 to 700ppm) and temperature (from existing to 3ºC higher) on yield, nitrogen uptake and evapotranspiration (ET) of optimally irrigated (IW/Pan E ratio=0.9) and fertilized (120 kg/ha) maize–wheat cropping system on texturally variable soils. IW and Pan E are amounts of irrigation water and open pan evaporation, respectively. Averaged over 30 years simulations with the already calibrated and validated CropSyst model showed that by increasing CO2 concentration from 350 to 700ppm in maize and wheat, yields were increased by 17 and 57%, ET decreased by 14 and 3 mm; and nitrogen uptake increased by 12 and 44 kg/ha respectively. The effect of increased CO2 was more in wheat (C3 plant) than that in maize (C4). At 350ppm CO2 with temperature 3°C higher than the existing in maize and wheat crops, crop durations of maize and wheat were shortened by 12 and 23 days, ET decreased by 30 and 50 mm, nitrogen uptake decreased by 31 and 27 kg/ha and subsequently yields were reduced by 37 and 15%, respectively. The interaction of CO2 and temperature indicates that even 700ppm level of CO2 was not able to maintain the existing maize yield beyond one degree increase in temperature. In case of wheat, yield levels were well maintained at 700ppm level of CO2 even at higher level of temperature (3°C). Increased levels of irrigation (IW/Pan E ratio=1.25) and nitrogen (150 and 180 kg/ha) were not able to outweigh the negative effect due to increased temperature than the existing in this cropping system.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Raising CO2 from 350 to 700ppm increased maize yield by 17% in simulation.
- Treatment
- increasing CO2 concentration from 350 to 700ppme1
- Outcome
- yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 17e1
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“by increasing CO2 concentration from 350 to 700ppm in maize and wheat, yields were increased by 17 and 57%”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising CO2 from 350 to 700ppm increased wheat yield by 57% in simulation.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- increasing CO2 concentration from 350 to 700ppme1
- Outcome
- yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 57%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“by increasing CO2 concentration from 350 to 700ppm in maize and wheat, yields were increased by 17 and 57%”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising CO2 from 350 to 700ppm decreased maize evapotranspiration by 14 mm in simulation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“by increasing CO2 concentration from 350 to 700ppm in maize and wheat, yields were increased by 17 and 57%”
e2“ET decreased by 14 and 3 mm”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising CO2 from 350 to 700ppm decreased wheat evapotranspiration by 3 mm in simulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- increasing CO2 concentration from 350 to 700ppme1
- Outcome
- ETe2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 3 mme2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“by increasing CO2 concentration from 350 to 700ppm in maize and wheat, yields were increased by 17 and 57%”
e2“ET decreased by 14 and 3 mm”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising CO2 from 350 to 700ppm increased maize nitrogen uptake by 12 kg/ha in simulation.
- Treatment
- increasing CO2 concentration from 350 to 700ppme1
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptakee3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 12e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“by increasing CO2 concentration from 350 to 700ppm in maize and wheat, yields were increased by 17 and 57%”
e3“nitrogen uptake increased by 12 and 44 kg/ha respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising CO2 from 350 to 700ppm increased wheat nitrogen uptake by 44 kg/ha in simulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- increasing CO2 concentration from 350 to 700ppme1
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptakee3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 44 kg/hae3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“by increasing CO2 concentration from 350 to 700ppm in maize and wheat, yields were increased by 17 and 57%”
e3“nitrogen uptake increased by 12 and 44 kg/ha respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The effect of increased CO2 was larger in wheat (C3) than in maize (C4).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume4
- Treatment
- increased CO2e4
- Outcome
- effect of increased CO2e4
- Direction
- moree4
- Comparator
- maize (C4)e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The effect of increased CO2 was more in wheat (C3 plant) than that in maize (C4)”
Claim · model-written summary
At 350ppm CO2 with temperature 3°C higher, maize yield was reduced by 37% in simulation.
- Treatment
- temperature 3°C higher than the existinge5
- Outcome
- yieldse6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 37e6
- Comparator
- the existinge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“At 350ppm CO2 with temperature 3°C higher than the existing in maize and wheat crops, crop durations of maize and wheat were shortened by 12 and 23 days”
e6“yields were reduced by 37 and 15%”
Claim · model-written summary
At 350ppm CO2 with temperature 3°C higher, wheat yield was reduced by 15% in simulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Treatment
- temperature 3°C higher than the existinge5
- Outcome
- yieldse6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 15%e6
- Comparator
- the existinge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“At 350ppm CO2 with temperature 3°C higher than the existing in maize and wheat crops, crop durations of maize and wheat were shortened by 12 and 23 days”
e6“yields were reduced by 37 and 15%”
Claim · model-written summary
At 350ppm CO2 with temperature 3°C higher, maize crop duration was shortened by 12 days in simulation.
- Treatment
- temperature 3°C higher than the existinge5
- Outcome
- crop durationse5
- Direction
- shortenede5
- Value
- 12e5
- Comparator
- the existinge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“At 350ppm CO2 with temperature 3°C higher than the existing in maize and wheat crops, crop durations of maize and wheat were shortened by 12 and 23 days”
Claim · model-written summary
At 350ppm CO2 with temperature 3°C higher, wheat crop duration was shortened by 23 days in simulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Treatment
- temperature 3°C higher than the existinge5
- Outcome
- crop durationse5
- Direction
- shortenede5
- Value
- 23e5
- Comparator
- the existinge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“At 350ppm CO2 with temperature 3°C higher than the existing in maize and wheat crops, crop durations of maize and wheat were shortened by 12 and 23 days”
Claim · model-written summary
At 350ppm CO2 with temperature 3°C higher, maize evapotranspiration decreased by 30 mm in simulation.
- Treatment
- temperature 3°C higher than the existinge5
- Outcome
- ETe6
- Direction
- decreasede6
- Value
- 30e6
- Comparator
- the existinge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“At 350ppm CO2 with temperature 3°C higher than the existing in maize and wheat crops, crop durations of maize and wheat were shortened by 12 and 23 days”
e6“ET decreased by 30 and 50 mm”
Claim · model-written summary
At 350ppm CO2 with temperature 3°C higher, wheat evapotranspiration decreased by 50 mm in simulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Treatment
- temperature 3°C higher than the existinge5
- Outcome
- ETe6
- Direction
- decreasede6
- Value
- 50 mme6
- Comparator
- the existinge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“At 350ppm CO2 with temperature 3°C higher than the existing in maize and wheat crops, crop durations of maize and wheat were shortened by 12 and 23 days”
e6“ET decreased by 30 and 50 mm”
Claim · model-written summary
At 350ppm CO2 with temperature 3°C higher, maize nitrogen uptake decreased by 31 kg/ha in simulation.
- Treatment
- temperature 3°C higher than the existinge5
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptakee7
- Direction
- decreasede7
- Value
- 31e7
- Comparator
- the existinge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“At 350ppm CO2 with temperature 3°C higher than the existing in maize and wheat crops, crop durations of maize and wheat were shortened by 12 and 23 days”
e7“nitrogen uptake decreased by 31 and 27 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
At 350ppm CO2 with temperature 3°C higher, wheat nitrogen uptake decreased by 27 kg/ha in simulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Treatment
- temperature 3°C higher than the existinge5
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptakee7
- Direction
- decreasede7
- Value
- 27 kg/hae7
- Comparator
- the existinge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“At 350ppm CO2 with temperature 3°C higher than the existing in maize and wheat crops, crop durations of maize and wheat were shortened by 12 and 23 days”
e7“nitrogen uptake decreased by 31 and 27 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Even 700ppm CO2 did not maintain existing maize yield once temperature rises by more than one degree.
- Treatment
- 700ppm level of CO2e1
- Outcome
- maize yielde1
- Direction
- not able to maintaine1
- Qualifier
- beyond one degree increase in temperaturee1
- Comparator
- the existing maize yielde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“even 700ppm level of CO2 was not able to maintain the existing maize yield beyond one degree increase in temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
At 700ppm CO2 wheat yield levels were well maintained even at 3°C higher temperature in simulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 700ppm level of CO2e1
- Outcome
- yield levelse1
- Direction
- well maintainede1
- Qualifier
- even at higher level of temperature (3°C)e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In case of wheat, yield levels were well maintained at 700ppm level of CO2 even at higher level of temperature (3°C)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased irrigation and nitrogen were not able to outweigh the negative effect of increased temperature on the maize-wheat cropping system.
- Treatment
- Increased levels of irrigation (IW/Pan E ratio=1.25) and nitrogen (150 and 180 kg/ha)e0
- Outcome
- negative effect due to increased temperaturee0
- Direction
- not able to outweighe0
- Comparator
- the existinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system”
e0“Increased levels of irrigation (IW/Pan E ratio=1.25) and nitrogen (150 and 180 kg/ha) were not able to outweigh the negative effect due to increased temperature than the existing in this cropping system”
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See all 203 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.